Figure captions:
Fig. 1 : Geographical location of the three sampling regions of Yunnan province, Southwest China.
Fig. 2 : Insect species (dark grey) and plant species (light grey) turnover (1–Horn similarity) between FIT sampling plots (25 × 20 sq. m) at different distances in three regions of Yunnan province, SW China. Fig. 2-I : The 1–Horn similarity value was calculated as turnover within (1) plots within transects (β1: 40-100 m scale), (2) plots between two neighboring transects within a region (β2: 200-300 m scale), (3) plots between two transects covering the highest elevation gradient within a region (β3: 1-3 km scale), (4) plots between two neighboring regions (δ1: 250-300 km scale), and (5) plots between two regions covering the highest spatial distance (δ2: > 500 km scale). Fig. 2-II : Insect species and plant species β-diversity (1-Horn similarity) distribution at different sampling regions in the Yunnan province, which included Bubeng (tropical region), Ailaoshan (subtropical region), and Lijiang (temperate region).Fig. 2-III: Insect species and plant species β-diversity (1-Horn similarity) distribution at different transects of the study area in the Yunnan province.
White dots represent medians, thick black bars represent first quartiles, and thin black lines represent the range. The shape of each plot shows the frequency distribution of the data. Letters indicate significant differences between separation distances within a group (insects or plants). Nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis ANOVAs were conducted to test for differences in Horn similarity values between insects and plants at various spatial scales and different region. *, **, and *** indicate significant differences in Horn similarity between insects and plants at each spatial scale and region.
Fig. 3 : Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations for beetle assemblages in different sampling plots. The red points are sampling plots, different numbers in the square represent different transects (1: Bubeng 600 m; 2: Bubeng 800 m; 3: Bubeng 1000 m; 4: Ailaoshan 2200 m; 5: Ailaoshan 2400 m; 6: Ailaoshan 2600 m; 7: Lijiang 3200 m; 8: Lijiang 3400 m; 9: Lijiang 3600 m). ELE: elevation; MTCM: minimum temperature of the coldest month; MTWM: maximum temperature of the warmest month; AMT: annual mean temperature; AMH: annual mean humidity; AHR: annual humidity range; ATR: annual temperature range. The colored ellipses are 95% confidence intervals of species centroids for each treatment level [‘ordiellipses’ (Oksanen et al. , 2013)]. Variables with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient at P < 0.05 are shown. Two convergent solutions were found after 20 iterations with a stress value of 0.0452 for longhorn beetles using the Bray-Curtis distance calculation method.
Fig. 4 : Variation partitioning results of redundancy analyses testing for the influence of plant species composition and phylogenetic turnover on wood boring longhorn beetle composition in the Yunnan province, SW China. Fig. 4-I represents the plant phylogenetic β-diversity combined with environmental factors and spatial distance to explain beetle composition. Fig. 4-II represents the plant species β-diversity combined with environmental factors and spatial distance to explain beetle composition. The pure effect of each counterpart is represented by areas with the letters (A; B; C; a; b; c). The overlapping areas represent the joint effect of the corresponding factors (D; E; F; G; d; e; f; g).