Patients
The original VOLCANO trial included 402 patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent AF ablation (Figure 1). Patients were divided into the 4 groups based on the results of voltage mapping. Group A consisted of patients without LVA on the voltage map after PVI (n=336). Patients with left atrial LVAs were randomly allocated in a 1:1 fashion to group B, which underwent LVA ablation (n=30), or group C, without LVA ablation (n=32). Group D included patients in whom voltage mapping was not completed due to unstable cardiac rhythm (n=4).