2.9.2 Step 2: Item wording
Each item addressed a single construct, and was worded in a neutral, understandable tone.18 Similar items for each construct were reworded either positively or negatively to reduce bias stemming from participants answering in a particular pattern,31 and to improve internal consistency. We attempted to keep the wording and formatting simple and understandable to prevent misinterpretation and potential measurement error.32
Items were based on reflections of occurrences within the last month to prevent respondents from being unduly influenced by incidents that may not have reflected their usual practice. Similar items were worded in a positive and negative manner to assess the consistency of responses33. This mechanism enhances internal consistency as closely worded items can yield a higher inter-item correlation.34