CONCLUSION
Our results reconcile the recent debate on the relative importance of diversity vs. stand factors on ecosystem properties in natural forests. We showed that forest biomass and productivity are more affected by stand factors, while their temporal stability is dominated by diversity. Notably, our results imply that the effect of diversity on forest biomass and productivity may increase with grain size. Our analysis highlights the importance of forest management to adjust stand structure as an effective way to increase forest biomass and productivity, so as to mitigate global climate change. Meanwhile, biodiversity conservation should be incorporated in forest management practices, which is crucial for ecosystem stability and to sustain ecosystem services under projected future climate change. Our results also suggest that management practices to increase richness and functional diversity may be more effective to enhance ecosystem functions and stability, than other diversity components and dimensions.