Methods
Tsetse flies from a colony of G. m. morsitans maintained at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) were used for the experiments manipulating female nutrition and reproduction. The colony was kept at 26°C and 65 - 70% relative humidity. Flies were fed three days a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) on defibrinated horse blood (TSC Bioscience) which is c. 45% red blood cells.