2.3 | Genetic diversity and population structure
Haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) for each populations were calculated by DnaSP (Rozas & Rozas, 1995). The genealogical topology of haplotypes was constructed using Network software. FST values were calculated in Arlequin ver3.5 using conventional F-statistics (Excoffier & Lischer, 2010), the correlation between FST and geographical distance was examined by Mantel test in the “ecodist” R package (Goslee & Urban, 2007). Moreover, the spatial analysis of molecular variance was performed with Tamura molecular distance using SAMOVA version 2.0 (Dupanloup, Schneider, & Excoffier, 2002) combined with Arlequin. The group number ranged from 2 to 14, and the number of steps in each process was 100000. STRUCTURE bar plots were generated by DISTRUCT (Rosenberg, 2003).