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Acknowledgements: The authors appreciate Dr. Claudia P. Macaubas and Stanford Genomics Facility for Hi-Seq service.
Author Contributions: H.M. designed and performed experiments, analyzed the data and prepared the manuscript. M.P. managed the pollution cohort samples and contributed to design the experiments and to prepare the manuscript. D.D., X.Z., and E.S. assisted in performing CyTOF experiments and data acquisition. S.A. and Z.H., and X.Z. contributed to CyTOF data analysis. A.K.W., M.S., and M.P.S. contributed to ChIP Seq experiments. A.F. and A.K. performed ChIP-Seq data analysis. A.K. also contributed to statistical analysis througout the manuscript. G.R.A.M. and P.S. assisted in Luminex assay. P.S. and E.D.M. contributed to the conceptualization of pollution-induced trained immunity and provided expertise in relevant experiments. K.C.N. supervised the study. All authors reviewed and edited the final manuscript.
Competing Interests statement: Dr. Nadeau reports grants from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE); Director of World Allergy Organization (WAO) , Advisor at Cour Pharma, co-founder of Before Brands, Alladapt, Latitude, and IgGenix; and National Scientific Committee member at Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), and National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical research centers, outside the submitted work; patents include, “Mixed allergen composition and methods for using the same”, “Granulocyte-based methods for detecting and monitoring immune system disorders”, and “Methods and Assays for Detecting and Quantifying Pure Subpopulations of White Blood Cells in Immune System Disorders.” All other authors declare no conflict of interests.
Funding: This work was supported by the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) grant R01ES020926.