Fig. 1. Monocyte subsets are associated with ambient exposure to PM2.5 levels. Demographics and clinical characteristics of individuals enrolled in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups according to ambient levels of PM2.5 (A). Major monocyte markers CD14 and CD16 were utilized to characterize classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes after gating out other inflammatory cell types (B). Diffusion maps were generated using cytofkit package to visualize the relationship between major monocyte subsets (C). The frequency of total (D), classical (E), intermediate (F), and non-classical (G) monocytes were compared between children exposed to low versus high levels of PM2.5. The statistical significance was computed using a non-parametric Wilcoxon sum test. CM: Classical Monocyte; IM: Intermediate Monocyte; NCM: Non-classical Monocyte