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\begin{document}

\title{The influence of vector-borne disease on human history: socio-ecological
mechanisms}



\author[1]{Tejas Athni}%
\author[1]{Marta Shocket}%
\author[1]{Lisa Couper}%
\author[1]{Nicole Nova}%
\author[2]{Iain Caldwell}%
\author[1]{Jamie Caldwell}%
\author[3]{Jasmine Childress}%
\author[1]{Marissa Childs}%
\author[4]{Giulio De Leo}%
\author[1]{Devin Kirk}%
\author[3]{Andrew MacDonald}%
\author[1]{Kathryn Olivarius}%
\author[1]{David Pickel}%
\author[1]{Steven Roberts}%
\author[5]{Olivia Winokur}%
\author[3]{Hillary Young}%
\author[1]{Julian Cheng}%
\author[1]{Elizabeth Grant}%
\author[1]{Patrick Kurzner}%
\author[1]{Saw Kyaw}%
\author[1]{Bradford Lin}%
\author[1]{Ricardo Lopez}%
\author[1]{Diba Massihpour}%
\author[1]{Erica Olsen}%
\author[1]{Maggie Roache}%
\author[1]{Angie Ruiz}%
\author[1]{Emily Schultz}%
\author[1]{Muskan Shafat}%
\author[1]{Rebecca Spencer}%
\author[6]{Nita Bharti}%
\author[1]{Erin Mordecai}%
\affil[1]{Stanford University}%
\affil[2]{James Cook University}%
\affil[3]{University of California Santa Barbara}%
\affil[4]{Stanford Universoty}%
\affil[5]{University of California Davis}%
\affil[6]{Pennsylvania State University}%


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  \date{June 10, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are embedded within complex
socio-ecological systems. While research has traditionally focused on
direct effects of VBDs on morbidity and mortality, it is increasingly
clear that VBD impacts are much more pervasive, dynamically linked to
feedbacks between environmental conditions, vector ecology, disease
burden, and societal responses that drive transmission. VBDs have had
profound influence on human history via mechanisms that include: (1)
killing or debilitating large numbers of people, with direct demographic
and population-level impacts; (2) differentially affecting populations
based on prior history of disease exposure, immunity, and resistance;
(3) being weaponized to promote or justify existing hierarchies of
power, colonialism, racism, classism, and sexism; (4) catalyzing changes
in ideas, institutions, infrastructure, technologies, and social
practices in efforts to control disease outbreaks; and (5) changing
human relationships with the land and environment. We use historical and
archaeological evidence interpreted through an ecological lens to
illustrate how four major VBDs have shaped society and culture: plague,
malaria, yellow fever, and trypanosomiasis. By comparing across
diseases, time periods, and geographies, this review highlights the
enormous scope and variety of mechanisms by which VBDs have influenced
human history from the age of early Homo sapiens to the modern context.%
\end{abstract}%



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