Study Population
We conducted a case-control study that enrolled ischemic stroke patients who underwent stenting for either extracranial or intracranial arterial stenosis at Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University. The inclusion criteria encompassed: 1) Confirmed diagnosis of ischemic cerebrovascular disease accompanied by 70% to 99% stenosis of major intracranial or extracranial arteries, as evidenced by DSA. 2) Initiation of a regimen consisting of clopidogrel (75 mg/day) and aspirin (100 mg/day) at least 5 days prior to enrollment. 3) Successful acquisition of informed consent. Patients were excluded if they had: 1) Contraindications to extracranial or intracranial stenting. 2) Known allergic reactions or contraindications to aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin, or any anesthetics. 3) Conditions like active peptic ulcer disease, bleeding tendencies, severe liver or kidney disorders. 4) Comorbid conditions potentially shortening life expectancy to less than a year. 5) Concurrent participation in a conflicting study.