Statistical analysis
All echocardiographic measurement data are expressed as mean ± SD.
Professional statistical software (SPSS 20.0) was used for all analyses.
Student’s t-test was used to compare the differences in measurement data
between both groups. P <0.05 was considered statistically
significant. The ROC curve was used to analyze the sensitivity and
specificity of the angle in the diagnosis of DAA or RAA with MB.
Results
In DAA group, the average age of pregnant women was 28.1 ± 4.6 years old
(ranged from 20 to 38 y), and the average gestational age was 27.2 ± 4.1
weeks (22-36 weeks). In RAA-MB group, the average age of pregnant women
was 29.1 ± 4.4 years old (ranged from 21 to 36 y), and the average
gestational age was 26.6 ± 3.6 weeks (ranged from 21 to 36 weeks).
The proportion of the left-sided DA (100%) was higher in the double
aortic arch group (32.3%) than in the RAA-MB group, (P
<0.05). The proportion of conotruncal anomalies in the RAA-MB
group (64.6%) was higher than that in the double aortic arch group
(18.2%) (P <0.05). Other data are shown in Table 1.
There was a significant difference in the angles between the DAA group
(ranged from 33.6° to 71.7°, 50.3° ± 8.3°) and the RAA-MB group (ranged
from 57.7° to 111.8°, 50.3° ± 8.3°) (P < 0.01) (Figure 2).
Based on the ROC curve analysis, when the cut-off value was 62.8°, the
sensitivity and specificity of differential diagnosis were 95.5% (95%
CI: 77.2% - 99.9%) and 96.9% (95% CI: 89.3% - 99.6%), respectively
(Figure. 3).
The Bland-Altman plots showed that the intra- and inter-observer
agreements of LD and DA measurements were almost within 95% limits of
agreement (Figure. 4).
Discussion
Based on the position and branching pattern, aortic arch anomalies
include a variety of congenital abnormalities. According to the theory
of double aortic arch by Edwards JE,8 in a double
aortic arch, both the embryonic right and left arches persist, arising
from the ascending aorta, passing on both sides of the trachea and
esophagus, and joining posteriorly to form the descending aorta. If the
posterior segment of the left arch is hypopastic or even atretic, the
aortic arch branching pattern may mimic the right aortic arch with
mirror-image branches. However, the right aortic arch with mirror-image
branches is the mirror image of the normal left aortic arch and
branches. This condition results from regression of a segment of left
aorta arch between the left subclavian artery and descending aorta and
the right aortic arch persist. The left subclavian artery fused with the
left common carotid artery to form the left brachiocephalic artery,
which is the first branch of the right aortic arch. The ductus
arteriosus usually is left-sided, arising anteriorly from the base of
the innominate artery or the left subclavian artery rather than
posteriorly from the descending aorta.1
A double aortic arch completely encircles the trachea and esophagus,
also called complete vascular ring. Under this condition, the ductus
arteriosus is most often left-sided. The DAA can be isolated, or it may
be associated with other cardiac anomalies. The right aortic arch may be
associated with other cardiac anomalies or may be isolated. Right aortic
arch with mirror-image branches often associate with intracardiac
anomalies, particularly the conotruncal anomaly, which is consistent
with the previous literature.9, 10,11 When the right
aorta arch is diagnosed prenatally, it is necessary to confirm whether
there is chromosome abnormality, especially trisomy 21 and microdeletion
of 22q11.1, 9, 12, 13
The identification of isolated RAA-MB is crucial for distinguishing it
from the DAA.4,14 In the DAA, especially the
hypoplasia of the posterior part of the left arch, which is easily
confused with the RAA-MB. The left arch of DAA runs backward at the left
side of the trachea and is connected with the descending aorta. The left
and right arches are generally not in the same plane. Generally, the
wider arch is higher than the thinner one. The continuity between the
left arch and the descending aorta should be carefully observed by
adjusting the probe in the multiple views. The left brachiocephalic
artery of the RAA-MB runs from right to left in front of the trachea to
the left shoulder, and has no connection with the descending aorta.
However, it may be misdiagnosed as a double aortic arch when the blood
flow of left DA overlaps with the left brachiocephalic artery; thus, the
interference of DA should be avoided. The technology of the 3D
spatiotemporal image correlation of the fetal echocardiography is an
accurate diagnostic tool for arch anomalies. 2
The three-vessel view and three-vessel-trachea view are used to screen
the fetal aortic arch for abnormalities.15, 16 Whether
it is DAA or RAA-MB, the first proximal branch of RAA is normally
clearly demonstrated. Therefore, when the first branch of the RAA is
observed in the three-vessel view, the angle between the first branch
and the RAA can be sufficiently measured. Our results show that the
duplicability of the measurement of the angle is also satisfactory.
Regardless of incidence of hypoplasia of the left arch, the angle
between the beginning of the two aortic arches is not changed by the
hypoplasia of the posterior part of the left arch. Therefore, the
measurement of this angle has good specificity. The right aortic arch is
associated with the mirror branches, which do not form a vascular ring.
Meanwhile, the DAA form an ”O” shape ring. Therefore, there is a
significant difference between the two angles as our results convey. We
found that the angle in the DAA group was significantly higher than that
in the RAA-MB group. According to the ROC curve analysis, when the
cut-off value was 62.8°, the sensitivity and specificity for the
differential diagnosis were 95.5% and 96.9%, respectively.
The DAA can compress the trachea, which can result in the stridor in
newborns, of whom some need surgical treatment.10 In
contrast, there was no vascular ring in the RAA-MB itself, and no
clinical symptoms because of no compression of the
trachea.3, 9, 17 However, a U-shaped vascular ring is
formed when the right aortic arch is associated with the left-sided DA.
RAA-MB is often associated with intracardiac malformation, especially
the conotruncal anomalies. Further, the RAA-MB is often associated with
chromosomal abnormalities, which need further genetic examination.
This study has limitations. First, it is a retrospective study, and
there may be selective bias. Further, the number of the cases is
limited,particularly limited number of the DAA with very hypoplasia or
atresia of the distal left arch. Thus, large prospective samples are
needed for further study.
Therefore, measuring the angle of the first branch of the RAA can
distinguish the fetal DAA and the RAA-MB, which is easy and
reproducible. We recommend a cutoff value of 62.8°.
Acknowledgments: Many thanks to our colleagues: Zhuo Chen, MD,
Yong Guo, MD, Chao Xue, MD for your contributions of data collecting.
This work is supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No.
2018YFC1002300)
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