To the Editor:
The excipient polyethylene glycol (PEG) contained in the mRNA vaccines
for COVID-19 has been pointed out as one of the possible triggers of the
hypersensitivity reactions that have been described since the beginning
of the vaccine campaigns for COVID-19 protection.1However, PEG is not present in the mRNA vaccines in an isolated form but
in conjugation with lipid-nanoparticles thanks to a process called
PEGylation, which could potentially alter its immunogenic properties.
More specifically, mRNA-1273 vaccine (produced by Moderna Therapeutics)
contains 1,2-dimyristoyl-rac-glycero-3-methoxy-polyethylene glycol-2000
(DMG-PEG 2000) which is formed by the PEGylation of the lipid
dimyristoyl glycerol. On the other hand, BNT162b2 vaccine (Comirnaty,
produced by Pfizer-BioNTech) contains 2-[(polyethylene glycol) 2000]
-N,N-ditetradecylacetamide (PEG-DTA also named as ALC-0159), which is
also a PEG/lipid conjugate.2
Initial guidelines advised that sensitization to PEG should be taken
into consideration in suspected subjects before a recommendation on the
administration of vaccines for COVID-19 containing PEG or its
cross-reactive analogues.3 However, PEG shows an
important variability in terms of molecular weights and conjugation
forms. In that sense, although it is known that PEG-2000 (MW: 2000g/mol)
conjugated with lipids is the form contained in the vaccines for
COVID-19, there has been great variability in the PEG molecules used in
allergy tests to evaluate sensitization of suspected subjects in the
context of the current COVID-19 vaccination
campaigns.4 In this context, recent findings have shed
light on the specific form of PEG that could be responsible of the
hypersensitivity reactions to the mRNA vaccines for COVID-19.
Importantly, Troelnikov et al., found that BNT162b2 vaccine and
PEGylated liposomes but not PEG alone (200-6000 g/mol) without lipid
conjugation induced a robust basophil activation in a dose-dependent
manner in three patients with a history of PEG allergy. The results
suggested that during PEGylation process, possible changes in the
conformation and/or chemical structure of PEG covalently linked to the
surface of lipid nanoparticles may occur which could potentially change
and increase its immunogenicity5 (Figure 1). On
support of these findings that seem to indicate that PEG in its native
form could not be as immunoreactive as PEG/lipid conjugates, there is a
number of studies that have failed to demonstrate positive skin testing
results using PEG in its native form in patients with a history of
allergic reaction to mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, having skin testing
with PEG a poor sensitivity.4
Furthermore, a recent study used the PEG/lipid conjugate DMG-PEG 2000
(which is the exact compound contained in mRNA-1273 vaccine) and not PEG
in its native form and found that 91 % and 100 % of patients with
anaphylactic reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (n=11) had positive BAT
results with DMG-PEG 2000 and with the administered mRNA vaccine,
respectively. The results were negative when DMG-PEG 2000 was assessed
in skin prick test (SPT), and only 1 out of 11 patients had a positive
SPT with the brand of mRNA vaccine which they reacted to, which
suggested that BAT performed with PEG/lipid conjugate and with the mRNA
vaccine itself could be a more robust experimental tool to assess
PEG-2000/lipid sensitization.6 In addition to direct
IgE-mediated degranulation reactions, it should be considered that IgG
to various PEGs may be playing a role in rapid complement activation
followed by mast cell and basophil degranulation7,8(Figure 1).
In light of these rapidly emerging new findings and due to the pressing
nature of the investigations on the adverse reactions to vaccines for
COVID-19, there is a need to reassess the initial recommendations on the
evaluation of sensitization to excipients contained in COVID-19
vaccines. In the case of PEG, and taking into consideration the new
findings, the choice of the PEG molecule to be tested should be based on
the closest characteristics to the specific molecule contained in the
vaccines for COVID-19, that is,
PEG-2000/lipid conjugate or
PEGylated liposomes.