Simulation training
It is unclear whether simulation training for health professionals has any effect on anaphylaxis management because the certainty of evidence is very low. We identified two trials, each using a different approach to simulation with medical students (supplement S6e). In one trial simulation-based training did not increase the proportion of medical students who correctly managed anaphylaxis11Tan GM, Ti LK, Tan K, Lee T. A comparison of screen-based simulation and conventional lectures for undergraduate teaching of crisis management. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008;36(4):565-569. and in the other trial there was a mean improvement of 22% compared to those taught without simulation (very low certainty, CI not reported). 22McCoy CE, Menchine M, Anderson C, Kollen R, Langdorf MI, Lotfipour S. Prospective randomized crossover study of simulation vs. didactics for teaching medical students the assessment and management of critically ill patients. J Emerg Med 2011;40(4):448-455. Other studies of simulation training are available but these did not meet the inclusion criteria.