Introduction
Water resources and soil resources
is the most important nature resources, which severe influence the
high-quality sustainable development of economy and society (Guo
2020,2021). Water and soil losses are one of the most severe
environmental problems worldwide (Wen et al 2019). Among the various
practices in water and soil conservation, forest restoration has usually
been regarded as critical and effective (Yetemen et al., 2010).
High-quality sustainable
management of forest vegetation ecosystems had been proven necessary for
the protection of regional ecological environments and for the
improvement of sustainable development in the society and economy. It is
important to consider the balance between resources consumption and
resources supply in the course of forest vegetation restoration (Guo
2021a and b).
Once with the soil water loss regions population increasing such as on
Loess Plateau, China, the human activities of reclamation, forest
denudation, overgrazing and civil wars became frequent, which caused the
decline in the density of natural plant populations (Metcalfe and Kunin
2006), the disappearance of indigenous vegetation was leading to the
quick decrease of vegetation cover (Guo 2000a and b) and forest area
rate (Guo 1996), and the ability of forest vegetation to keep ecological
balance. This in turn has resulted in serious soil and water loss. In
order to improve the ecological environment and promote healthy
development of regional economy, large-scale afforestation has been
carried out. However, for the sake of high yield and high return, tree
species with deep roots and fast growth have been selected and planted
at initially high planting densities such as on
the Loess Plateau, plant take up
water from considerable soil depths. Because most of Loess Plateau
belongs to water-limited regions and the water supply was limited, these
issues such as lower survival rate of afforestation, lower
preserving rate, lower yield,
lower ecologic and economic benefit were caused in the process of
vegetation restoration (Jiang 1997; Yang & Shao 2000; Li 2001; Yang
1996; Hou et al 1999).Moreover, soil deterioration occurred on the Loess
Plateau in the form of soil desiccation under both perennial grasses and
forests (Li 2001; Yang 1996; Hou et al.1999; Li et al.1990; Wang et al.
2000; Chen et al. 2005). Such soil deterioration directly affected the
stability of plant community and reduced the soil and water benefits of
forest vegetation. So we should manage soil and water conservation
vegetation in the way of high quality sustainable
to get maximal soil and water
conservation beneficial and match the People’s yearning for a better
life and the need for soil and water conservation(Guo 2021b)