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\begin{document}

\title{Extinction is inevitable in the globalized world}



\author[1]{Aishwarya Maheshwari}%
\affil[1]{Banda University of Agriculture and Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
No abstract - Extinction is a natural process and every species on this
planet has an expiration date except Homo sapiens because we are
extending our expiry at the cost of other species (Brook and Alroy 2017,
Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015). In contrast, biodiversity loss
is not natural but a global issue and it is not caused by the
globalization, but as a result of human activities at the global level
(Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015). Eventually, severe
biodiversity losses lead to anthropogenic die-off and extinction of
naturally occurring species (Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015,
DeVos et al. 2014). The previous, current and future extinction rates
have been estimated using a variety of measures and their estimation
methodologies vary (to be between 100 to 10,000 times higher than the
natural extinction rate) but they clearly demonstrate that current
extinction rates are far above than the ``background'' rates (Brook and
Alroy 2017, Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015, DeVos et al. 2014,
Lamkin and Miller 2016). Aggravatedly, population declines and
extirpations are appearing to be more graving than species extinction
and negative cascading consequences on ecosystem services (Ceballosa et
al. 2020). Substantial information is available on over-exploitation of
natural resources by humans in the globalization perspective (Ceballosa
et al. 2020, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, Groom et al. 2006,
Ehrnfeld 2003) and we have lost an estimated US\$ 4-20 trillion per year
in ecosystem services owing to land-cover change and US\$ 6-11 trillion
per year from land degradation during 1997 to 2011 (OECD 2019). Such
loss also leads to an increased disease risk (Gilbert 2010) and recent
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) might be one of the similar
consequences.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Letter}

\emph{Extinction is inevitable in the globalized world}

Aishwarya Maheshwari

Department of Wildlife Sciences, College of Forestry, Banda University
of Agriculture and Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India (ORCID
ID: 0000-0002-6338-4254)

Corresponding author: aishwaryamaheshwari@icloud.com

Extinction is a natural process and every species on this planet has an
expiration date except \emph{Homo sapiens} because we are extending our
expiry at the cost of other species (Brook and Alroy 2017, Pimm et al.
2014, Ceballos et al. 2015). In contrast, biodiversity loss is not
natural but a global issue and it is not caused by the globalization,
but as a result of human activities at the global level (Pimm et al.
2014, Ceballos et al. 2015). Eventually, severe biodiversity losses lead
to anthropogenic die-off and extinction of naturally occurring species
(Pimm et al. 2014, Ceballos et al. 2015, DeVos et al. 2014). The
previous, current and future extinction rates have been estimated using
a variety of measures and their estimation methodologies vary (to be
between 100 to 10,000 times higher than the natural extinction rate) but
they clearly demonstrate that current extinction rates are far above
than the ``background'' rates (Brook and Alroy 2017, Pimm et al. 2014,
Ceballos et al. 2015, DeVos et al. 2014, Lamkin and Miller 2016).
Aggravatedly, population declines and extirpations are appearing to be
more graving than species extinction and negative cascading consequences
on ecosystem services (Ceballosa et al. 2020). Substantial information
is available on over-exploitation of natural resources by humans in the
globalization perspective (Ceballosa et al. 2020, Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, 2005, Groom et al. 2006, Ehrnfeld 2003) and we have lost an
estimated US\$ 4-20 trillion per year in ecosystem services owing to
land-cover change and US\$ 6-11 trillion per year from land degradation
during 1997 to 2011 (OECD 2019). Such loss also leads to an increased
disease risk (Gilbert 2010) and recent coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)
might be one of the similar consequences.

Furthermore, such degraded ecosystems are either slow to recover or have
lost their natural vigor to recover even after their exploitation stops
(Moreno-Mateos et al. 2017). For example, global demand for food through
agriculture expansion is one of the major causes of destruction and
degradation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity loss and it restricts
restoration of biodiversity on agricultural land (FAO 2010).

At present, climate change, biodiversity, environment and wildlife
conservation are on the highest priority of several international
treaties, conventions and national and international laws and
legislations, however, the failures have been spectacular (Hoffmann et
al. 2010). It is beyond doubt that we are facing sixth mass extinction
in the Earth's 4.5 billion years of history (Ceballos et al. 2015,
Ceballosa et al. 2020). In many cases, it has been purposeful and the
global biodiversity suffers from similar threats globally such as
pollution, climate change, unregulated and unsustainable harvesting of
natural resources, the international trade of invasive species and
diseases, habitat fragmentation, deforestation and urbanization.
Unarguably, there is an ever-increasing demand of natural resources and
their overexploitation in the past two centuries has accelerated the
pace of extinction and now it appears unmanageable to alter ``the Great
Dying'' in recent times.

Biodiversity is the major part of livelihoods that is susceptible to
changes in globalization, especially the changes brought about by over
exploitation of natural resources. An Indian civilization philosophy of
``Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam'' -- the whole world is one family -- may
underpin the agenda of biodiversity conservation at the global level.
Biodiversity conservation and globalization cannot remain isolated but
need to become part of more integrated strategies for sustainable
development that question hegemonic development paradigms.

\textbf{References:}

\begin{enumerate}
\tightlist
\item
  Brook BW, Alroy J. 2017. Pattern, process, inference and prediction in
  extinction biology. Biol. Lett. 13: 20160828.
  http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0828
\item
  Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, Garcia A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM.
  2015. Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the
  sixth mass extinction. Science Advances 1: e1400253.
\item
  Ceballosa G, Ehrlichb PR, Dirzo R. 2020. Biological annihilation via
  the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population
  losses and declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117: 13596--13602.
\item
  DeVos JM, Joppa LN, Gittleman JL, Stephens PR, Pimm SL. 2014.
  Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction.
  Conservation Biology 29: 452--462
\item
  Ehrnfeld D. 2003. Globalisation: Effects on Biodiversity, Environment
  and Society. Conservation and Society, 1: 99-111.
\item
  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2010. Global Forest Resources
  Assessment 2010, http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/
\item
  Gilbert, N. 2010. More species means less disease. Nature
  https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2010.644
\item
  Groom MJ, Meffe GK, Carroll, CR. 2006. Principles of Conservation
  Biology, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
\item
  Hoffmann M, Hilton-Taylor C, Angulo A, B\selectlanguage{ngerman}öhm M, Brooks TM, Butchart SH,
  Carpenter KE, et al. 2010. The Impact of conservation on the status of
  the world's vertebrates. Science 330: 1503--1509.
\item
  Lamkin M, Miller AI. 2016. On the challenge of comparing contemporary
  and deep-time biological-extinction rates. BioScience 66: 785--789.
\item
  Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human
  Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC
\item
  Moreno-Mateos D, Barbier EB, Jones PC, Jones HP, Aronson J,
  López-López JA, McCrackin ML, Meli P, Montoya D, Benayas JMR. 2017.
  Anthropogenic ecosystem disturbance and the recovery debt. Nature
  Communications 8: 14163.
\item
  Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven
  PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO. 2014. The biodiversity of species and their
  rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344:
  1246752.
\item
  The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development~(OECD)
  2019. Biodiversity: Finance and the Economic and Business Case for
  Action, report prepared for the G7 Environment Ministers' Meeting, 5-6
  May 2019.
\end{enumerate}

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