Introduction
Over the past several decades, several new epidemics have been reported
and emerged in particular areas, which have led to the spread of
diseases such as: Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by Ebola viruses, The
disease was first identified in 1976 and still around. Zika (caused by
the Zika virus) , Nipah
(caused by the Nipah virus) , and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new
type of viral infection has emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China,
(Hui, D. S et al, 2020) and in general the genetically data and
structurally this virus does not exactly match with the previous CoVs.
The novel CoV strain 2019, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an
infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (China-WHO Joint Mission, 2020). However it
is believed, that the disease originated in the wild animal host
(zoonotic origin) and was later transmitted to humans, the possibility
that food is the source of the transmission is neither undeniable nor
the right reason. Codon usage studies suggest that animal source such as
bats are more likely to be the source of the onset and spread of the
this novel virus(Dhama, Sharun et al. 2020). The disease was first
identified on December 12th, 2019, and has since spread globally. The
World Health Organization (WHO) has published two valuable news on two
different dates, including the announcement: the first one revealed On
30 January 2020 that the corona virus outbreaks is a Public Health
Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and on 11 March 2020 the
second declaration published and revealed that the new CoV strain 2019
is a pandemic infection(Ali, Baloch et al. 2020), which it defines as
”global spread of a new disease”. The evidences of local transmission
and spread of the disease has also become a dangerous ring, and many
countries have begun to spread awareness across the country and most of
the them have announced an emergency alert throughout the countries, and
across all six WHO regions (Hui, D. S et al, 2020). According to various
studies the most common symptoms of Covid-19 include fever, dry cough,
and difficulty in breathing but Muscle pain, sputum production,
diarrhea, and sore throat are less common(Singhal 2020)(Centre for
Disease control and Prevention, 2020). Although most of the result cases
are mild, and some of them do not feel that he or she infected with the
virus, in the progress, some symptoms such as pneumonia and congestion
of some organs of the body have been reported. In the month of March
2020, with the considering age levels and other health issues, the
average rate of death per number of diagnosed cases in March 2020 was
4.4 percent; however, it ranges from 0.2 percent to 15 percent (Li et al
,2020). And also have been reported in the gulf states. Since the
beginning of the spread of the disease from Wuhan, a city in the Hubei
Province of China, which dates back to December 2019, a very high rate
has been announced, which more than 80,000 of COVID-19 cases have been
reported in China. With the majority of those from Hubei and surrounding
provinces (WHO ). China fact-finding mission estimated that the epidemic
in China had reached its peak of spread between late January and early
February 2020 (WHO Media Report, 2020. In early March, the number of
cases in China dropped dramatically, however, at that time cases have
been reported in all continents with the exception of the southern
hemisphere, After a while in some parts of the world the rate of
infection and death is rapidly increasing. After a while the rate of
infection and death because of the COVID-19 has risen sharply, in the
United States of America and many other Western European countries
include united kingdom more cases have been reported and the disease
have reached Southeast Asia, with more cases being registered daily in a
country like Iran. and this has forced the countries to announce sudden
lockdown(Wu, Leung et al. 2020).
The virus is typically transmitted via respiratory droplets produced
through coughing and sneezing as well as through contact with
contaminated objects or touching the face of an infected person (Centers
for Disease control and Prevention, 2020). Some studies have suggested
that the virus may remain on different surfaces for 72 hours (National
Institutes of Health, 2020).
The period between exposure and onset of the disease lasts from two days
to 14 days, with a an average of 5 days (Centers for Disease control and
Prevention, 2020 Zhou et al, 2020). The standard method of diagnosis is
by reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal
swab. The
infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk
factors and a chest CT
scan showing features of pneumonia (Jin YH et al, 2020).
On February 19, 2020, 2 person in the Qum region of Iran was admitted
with an
atypical pneumonia that later proved to be COVID-19. In the next few
days around the country were 245 more cases. This was the beginning of
one of the largest and most serious clusters of
COVID-19 in the Gulf states (WHO, 2020). Despite aggressive effort, the
disease continues
to spread and the number of affected patients is rising in Iran and it
has also becomes higher
than that of China. Iran has recorded higher number of cases per day and
new deaths per day.
Untill the preparation of this research 7 July 2020, as illustrated by a
chart from the (Figure 4) the coronavirus COVID-19 has affected 215
countries and territories around the world with a total 11,749,001
cases, resulting in over 540,860 deaths but more than 6,742,622 people
have recovered from this deadly virus (Worldometer, 2020).