SARS-COVID2
Structurally described on page 4 the new coronavirus appears to be less deadly than SARS, which killed around 10 percent of people who became infected. The SARS outbreak was contained within about six months, while the COVID-19 outbreak is only a few months old at this point. Approximately 35 percent of reported patients with MERS died, but there were significantly fewer cases than either SARS or COVID-19 during that outbreak.
The new coronavirus is structurally similar to SARS, with the 96.2% genetically identity to CoVRaTG13 of a bat, but it shares 79.5% genetically identity to SARS-CoV(Hamming, Timens et al. 2004). Genetically analyses reveal that the (zoonotic) animals like bat are the origin host for the virus, and finally transmitted to humans via various unknown hosts. The virus can recognize and enter the epithelial cells of the alveoli through an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) as a receptor of the cells in the lungs and receptors on the columnar epithelial of intestinal absorptive cells. (Zhang, Du et al. 2020). Genetic analyses have also shown that the coronavirus has not undergone many significant changes since it first emerged in Wuhan. As viruses pass from person to person and spread into new geographical locations, it’s not uncommon for them to mutate to avoid dying out. COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Beta coronaviruses (SARS-CoV- 2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV). but also they have significant differences in both level of genetic and phenotypic structure that can influence the ways of the infection ability. COVID-19 is containing positive single-stranded RNA attached with a nucleoprotein within a capsid composed of matrix protein. The genome of a typical CoV contains at least six ORFs. The process of translation in the sgRNAs of CoVs translate structural and accessory proteins. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 30-terminus.
The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important. This article highlights the most important of these features compared to other Beta coronaviruses. ( Copyright ª 2020, Taiwan Society of Microbiology). Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
Despite that the COVID-19 continuously increasing in the number of infection cases in nearly whole of the world but still COVID-19 has more significant differences like moderate transmissibility and relatively low pathogenicity with other infectious diseases such as Ebola, avian H7N9 (or bird flu virus), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), or (the Middle East respiratory syndromes) MERS-CoV, respectively SARS, and MERS have significantly higher case fatality rates than COVID-19. Yet COVID-19 is more infectious — the underlying SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads more easily among people. Despite the lower case fatality rate, the overall number of deaths from COVID-19 far outweighs that from SARS or MERS.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol-based rub frequently and not touching your face (WHO).
ABO blood group, Second disease, and COVID-19 Relationship
We are going to reveal that which person is more susceptibility to be infected with the virus some factors such as ABO blood group and second diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases have a bad role and put the patient at high risk, among ABO blood groups, O is more abundant in Gulf Countries; researchers found that individuals with blood group O has a protective effect and has more ability to resistant from SARS and COVID-19 but according to, the blood group A may have more susceptibility to be infected with the virus(Zhao, Yang et al. 2020). blood group A at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to group O (Gérard, Maggipinto, et al. 2020). The differences between antigens that injected into the plasma membrane of the cells and other epithelial cells have significant clinical importance. The differences between the antigens of ABO blood groups make them differentially associated with several serious diseases(Cooling 2015). However, diseases like cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and IL-6, and IL-10, IL-18, make the infection with recent pandemic SARSCoV-2 become dangerous (Muniyappa and Gubbi 2020).
VACCINE Seventeen years after the severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars) outbreak and seven years since the first Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers) case, there is still no coronavirus vaccine despite dozens of attempts to develop them. Despite that many of the vaccines being developed for SARS-CoV-2 are quite different, and many use only small portions of the virus, or the virus RNA. This may circumvent the problems with SARS-CoV-1 vaccines that used more of the virus. Vaccine development has a large experimental component; we just have to make educated guesses and try different things and see what works. Hence, many different avenues for vaccines are being tested by different labs around the world. As the numbers of infections and deaths from COVID-19 continue to rise, researchers are working to identify suitable treatments and vaccines to curb the pandemic.