Meso level (systems or organisations)
This level includes systems’ or organisations’ barriers focused on education, training, resources, services, policies, and culture of organisations. Systemic and organisational factors such as time constraints, insufficient organisation resources, poor dissemination, and lack of access to research were the highest common reported barriers.19,28,29,31,32,35 Insufficient resources in the form of material and equipment required for the implementation of research and inadequate facilities to conduct research were reported in three studies 28-30,33-35.
Inadequate organisational support was the second most frequently cited barrier for translating evidence into practice. Lack of workforce was reported as a challenge to translating evidence into practice.31 Insufficient staffing was linked with difficulties of staff to find an appropriate time at work for searching and reading research papers, articles, and guidelines because of heavy workloads.31 Other barriers specific to the translation of knowledge to nursing practice were reported, including a lack of research training courses,31 and dearth of interaction among educational and clinical environments.31
Institutional support for the translation of evidence into practice can come through development capacity-building workshops,28 dissemination of main research findings across organisations,19,33 and budgeting for research activities such as face-to-face meetings. Another important facilitator was the development of a pathway of communication to build a shared understanding of the work.35