Figure captions
Fig 1 The fortune of unweaned infants (UIs) ofRhinopithecus roxellana following male takeovers: of 31 unweaned
infants that were present during male replacement, 27 infants survived
and 4 infants died of male infanticide during the study period 2006 and
2020. (Number of females/infants observed showing a particular behavior
are shown in circles).
Fig 2 Variations in fetal and infant death rates during the
male replacement. Statistically significant increases were seen fetal
death rate following male replacement. No parallel increase was seen in
death of infant and fetal +infant, indicating an evidence for hypothesis
that a multilevel society of golden snub-nosed monkeys facilitate female
counterstrategies against male infanticide.
Fig 3 Differences in size of social unit (one male unit, OMU)
with and without recorded of male attacks on infants and infanticide
indicating an evidence for hypothesis that larger OMU size can lead to
less risk of being killed or attacked because stronger female-female
joint defense and vigilance of risk detection might also be more
efficient.
Fig 4 After male replacement, new males showed two strategies,
either aggression or tolerance, which would bring different reproductive
success. When males adopted a strategy of aggression, they obtained
increased reproductive success from killing infants because they sired
the next offspring of victims’ mother sooner. However, they completely
lost benefits as lactating females emigrated if the first set of attack
did not kill the offspring. Therefore, male would benefit from their
strategies because (a) male tenures are longer than inter-birth
intervals of female if keeping mothers and their unweaned infant in
their social unit, (b) tenures of tolerant male are longer tenures than
those of aggressive male if the male tolerate the unweaned infant
without attack.