References
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  2. Chau, D.L., Walker, V., Pai, L., Cho, L.M. 2008. Opiates and elderly: use and side effects. Clin Interv Aging 3(2): 273-8.
  3. CPIC® Guideline for Codeine and CYP2D6. Retrieved 2018 from https://cpicpgx.org/guidelines/guideline-for-codeine-and-cyp2d6/
  4. Samer, C.F., Daali, Y, Wagner, M., Hopfgartner, G., Eap, C.B., et al. 2010. Genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions modulating CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities have a major effect on oxycodone analgesic efficacy and safety. Br J Pharmacol 160(4): 919–30.
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  7. Takahashi, P., Ryu, E., Pathak, J., Jenkins, G.D., Batzler, A., et al. 2017. Increased risk of hospitalization for ultrarapid metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2D6. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 10: 39–47.
  8. Doan, J., Zakrzewski-Jakubiak, H., Roy, J., Turgeon, J., Tannenbaum, C. 2013. Prevalence and risk of potential cytochrome P450-medicated drug-drug interactions in older hospitalized patients with polypharmacy. Ann Pharmacother 47(3):324-32.
  9. Codeine sulfate [Package Insert]. Eatontown, NJ: West Ward Pharmaceutical Corp: October 2019.
Table 1: Adapted CPIC Recommendations to Guide Codeine and Possibly Alternative Opioid Therapy Using PGx Information 2