Soil Bunds
Soil bunds are constructed during the dry season that does not interfere with land preparation for cropping. It increases soil productivity by capturing moisture and crop yields over time. About 69.2% of the household heads in the study area practice soil bunds (Table 3). However, the disadvantage of this structure as explained by the farmer is that it requires a lot of maintenance in a short period due to being filled with soil immediately after heavy rainfall and did not allow oxen plow. It is mainly implemented on cultivated land with slopes in the range of 8% to 25%, but also on grazing land with gentle slopes at wider intervals (Lakew et al . 2005). Since the beginning of introduced SWC measures in 2004, there was a continuous construction of soil bunds, yet there is an interruption in implementation. In 2013, 2014 and 2015 the length of constructed, maintained and preserved soil bund in the study area was 108.42km, 95.5 km and 85.5 km respectively (Guduru district office of agriculture, 2019)
Check dams
Dominantly, the brush-woods and soils are used to construct check dams and about 29.6 % of the farmers use it with a mix of other SWC measures (Table 2). Diverting runoff from the cultivated field to the main and community road is very common in the study area. Tree branches and grassed soil are traditionally used to construct check dams, and effectiveness is constrained by erosive of rainfall and size of the channel.