2.1 Study patients
The study included 102 patients (77 men, 25 women; mean age 64 ± 10 years) who had undergone radiofrequency (RF) ablation for AF at Nihon University Itabashi Hospital or Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center between September 2016 and April 2019. Before the ablation procedure, all had undergone cardiac computed tomography (CT), and all had undergone voltage mapping during sinus rhythm. Transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography had also been performed before ablation, and the following echocardiographic measures had been obtained; LA diameter, left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd) and LV systolic diameter (LVDs), LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (calculated by the Teichholz method), and diastolic function (E/E′). The study was approved by Nihon University Itabashi Hospital Clinical Research Judging Committee and Kawaguchi Municipal Medical Center Ethics Committee.