|
ACEIs/ARBs |
ACEIs |
ARBs |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
0.80 (0.74, 0.91) |
0.90 (0.89, 1.12) |
1.1 (0.96,
1.26) |
Crude OR |
0.80 (0.73, 0.86) |
1.10 (0.92, 1.25) |
1.1 (0.85,
1.42) |
Number of studies |
10 vs. 37 |
2 vs. 5 |
2 vs. 4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.947) vs. 61% (<0.001) |
40.3%
(0.196) vs. 26.7% (0.244) |
0.0% (0.335) vs. 60.6%
(0.055) |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.80 (0.76, 0.85) |
1.0 (0.83, 1.2) |
1.02 (0.87,
1.19) |
No |
0.79 (0.66, 0.95) |
1.0 (0.87, 1.16) |
1.33 (0.88,
2.03) |
Number of studies |
33 vs. 14 |
5 vs. 2 |
4 vs. 2 |
I-squared (p-value) |
25.3% (0.095) vs. 75.3% (>0.001) |
45.7% (0.117) vs. 2.5% (0.331) |
27.2% (0.249) vs. 62.9%
(0.101) |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
0.75 (0.66, 0.85) |
1.06 (0.57, 1.99) |
0.97 (0.37,
1.29) |
Low |
0.81 (.075, 0.88) |
NA |
NA |
Moderate |
0.85 (0.75, 0.96) |
0.99 (0.90, 1.10) |
1.11 (0.94,
1.30) |
Number of studies |
21 vs. 12 vs. 14 |
2 vs. 0 vs. 5 |
1 vs. 0 vs.
5 |
I-squared (p-value) |
60.4% (>0.001) vs. 18.8% (0.259)
vs. 53.4% (0.009) |
85.8% (0.008) vs. NA vs. 29.1% (0.206) |
NA vs.
NA vs. 48.4% (0.101) |
Hypertension use status |
|
|
|
Hypertensive patients |
0.74 (0.69, 0.79) |
0.97 (0.86, 1.09) |
0.91
(0.71, 1.17) |
Not-recorded |
0.84 (0.77, 0.92) |
1.02 (0.87, 1.21) |
1.13 (0.98,
1.31) |
Number of studies |
15 vs. 32 |
1 vs. 6 |
1 vs. 5 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.617) vs. 57.3% (>0.001) |
NA vs. 39.9% (0.140) |
NA vs. 33.5% (0.129) |
|
ICU admission (n=18) |
ICU admission (n=18) |
ICU admission (n=18) |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
0.86 (0.73, 1.02) |
NA |
NA |
Crude OR |
1.09 (0.91, 1.32) |
0.96 (0.87, 1.06)* |
1.21 (0.93,
1.57)* |
Number of studies |
2 vs. 8 |
0 vs. 4 |
0 vs. 4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.356) vs. 59.8% (0.015) |
NA vs. 0.0%
(0.882) |
NA vs. 76.5% (0.005) |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.93 (0.85, 1.01) |
0.95 (0.86, 1.05) |
1.20 (0.87,
1.66) |
No |
1.45 (1.17, 1.80) |
1.16 (0.72, 1.86) |
1.26 (0.87,
1.83) |
Number of studies |
9 vs. 1 |
3 vs. 1 |
3 vs. 1 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.488) vs. NA |
0.0% (0.997) vs. NA |
83.1% (0.003) vs. NA |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
1.40 (0.80, 2.44) |
NA |
NA |
Low |
0.90 (0.78, 1.03) |
0.95 (0.85, 1.06) |
0.93 (0.82,
1.05) |
Moderate |
1.12 (0.92, 1.37) |
1.0 (0.77, 1.30) |
1.37 (1.15,
1.64) |
Number of studies |
1 vs. 4 vs. 5 |
0 vs. 1 vs. 3 |
0 vs. 1 vs.
3 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA vs. 22.6% (0.275) vs. 45% (0.122) |
NA vs. NA
vs. 0.0% (0.770) |
NA vs. NA vs. 0.0% (0.742) |
Hypertension use status |
|
|
|
Hypertensive patients |
0.97 (0.75, 1.27) |
0.93 (0.52, 1.66) |
1.32
(0.97, 1.79) |
Not-recorded |
1.05, 0.87, 1.27) |
0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
1.18 (0.85,
1.64) |
Number of studies |
3 vs. 7 |
1 vs. 3 |
1 vs. 3 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.697) vs. 71.5% (0.002) |
NA vs. 0.0%
(0.722) |
NA vs. 80.8% (0.006) |
|
Death/ICU admission (n=38) |
Death/ICU admission
(n=38) |
Death/ICU admission (n=38) |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
0.63 (0.47, 0.84) |
1.0 (0.80, 1.26) |
1.0 (0.83,
1.18) |
Crude OR |
0.87 (0.81, 0.93) |
0.93 (0.85, 1.03) |
0.98 (0.91,
1.05) |
Number of studies |
1 vs. 21 |
1 vs. 7 |
1 vs. 7 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA vs. 38.9% (0.036) |
NA vs. 38.5% (0.135) |
NA
vs. 0.0% (0.498) |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.85 (0.79, 0.92) |
0.99 (0.92, 1.10) |
0.96 (0.89,
1.03) |
No |
0.89 (0.75, 1.10) |
0.77 (0.63, 0.94) |
1.13 (0.95,
1.34) |
Number of studies |
18 vs. 4 |
7 vs. 1 |
7 vs. 1 |
I-squared (p-value) |
45.5% (0.019) vs. 51.5% (0.103) |
0.0% (0.605)
vs. NA |
0.0% (0.874) vs. NA |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
0.94 (0.84, 1.06) |
0.86 (0.70, 1.04) |
1.02 (0.85,
1.24) |
Low |
0.85 (0.79, 0.92) |
0.98 (0.82, 1.16) |
0.93 (0.80,
1.10) |
Moderate |
0.74 (0.63, 0.85) |
0.99 90.88, 1.10) |
0.98 (0.89,
1.06) |
Number of studies |
6 vs. 11. vs. 5 |
2 vs. 2 vs. 4 |
2 vs. 2 vs.
4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
57.4% (0.038) vs. 15.8% (0.293) vs. 18.9%
(0.294) |
56.3% (0.130) vs. 0.0% (0.568) vs. 20.7% (0.286) |
60%
(0.114) vs. 0.0% (0.865) vs. 0.0% (0.572) |
Hypertension use status |
|
|
|
Hypertensive patients |
0.85 (0.80, 0.9) |
0.9 (0.75, 1.08) |
1.01
(0.93, 1.10) |
Not-recorded |
0.88 (0.76, 1.03) |
0.96 (0.87, 1.06) |
0.93 (0.85,
1.03) |
Number of studies |
13 vs. 9 |
4 vs. 4 |
4 vs. 4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.595) vs. 69% (0.001) |
67.1% (0.028)
vs. 0.0% (0.852) |
0.0% (0.473) vs. 0.0% (0.723) |
|
Risk of COVID-19 infection (n=40) |
Risk of COVID-19
infection (n=40) |
Risk of COVID-19 infection
(n=40) |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
0.98 (0.94, 1.03) |
1.0 (0.82, 1.2) |
0.98 (0.56,
1.7) |
Crude OR |
1.0 (0.97, 1.02) |
0.97 (0.93, 1.01) |
1.0 (0.97,
1.04) |
Number of studies |
6 vs. 13 |
2 vs. 9 |
2 vs. 8 |
I-squared (p-value) |
41.7% (0.127) vs. 18.7% (0.255) |
49% (0.161)
vs. 36.6% (0.125) |
78.9% (0.03) vs. 0.0% (0.993) |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
0.96 (0.92, 1.01) |
1.01 (0.98,
1.05) |
No |
1.03 (0.96, 1.10) |
0.97 (0.89, 1.10) |
0.97 (0.85,
1.11) |
Number of studies |
14 vs. 5 |
8 vs. 3 |
7 vs. 3 |
I-squared (p-value) |
14.6% (0.294) vs. 52.5% (0.077) |
34.8% (0.150)
vs. 48.6% (0.143) |
0.0% (0.814) vs. 18.1% (0.295) |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
0.97 (0.95, 1.0) |
0.96 (0.93, 0.99) |
1.0 (0.96,
1.04) |
Low |
0.97 (0.93, 1.01) |
0.95 (0.84, 1.09) |
0.90 (0.62,
1.30) |
Moderate |
1.03 (0.99, 1.06) |
1.03 (0.93, 1.14) |
1.03 (0.96,
1.10) |
Number of studies |
4 vs. 7 vs. 8 |
4 vs. 3 vs. 4 |
4 vs. 2 vs.
4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.780) vs. 17.5% (0.296) vs. 12.7%
(0.331) |
0.0% (0.811) vs. 66.7% (0.050) vs. 45.3% (0.140) |
0.0%
(0.970) vs. 51.6% (0.151) vs. 0.0% (0.467) |
Hypertension use status |
|
|
|
Hypertensive patients |
1.02 (0.93, 1.11) |
1.0 (0.91, 1.11) |
1.0
(0.94, 1.08) |
Not-recorded |
0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
0.96 (0.92, 0.99) |
1.0 (0.97,
1.05) |
Number of studies |
2 vs. 17 |
2 vs. 9 |
2 vs. 8 |
I-squared (p-value) |
58.3% (0.122) vs. 19.7% (0.224) |
42.0% (0.189)
vs. 33.5% (0.150) |
0.0% (0.590) vs. 0.0% (0.595) |
|
Severe COVID-19 (n=44) |
Severe COVID-19 (n=44) |
Severe COVID-19 (n=44) |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
0.88 (0.78, 0.99) |
0.86 (0.70, 1.07) |
0.94 (0.81,
1.10) |
Crude OR |
0.86 (0.75, 0.97) |
0.96 (0.81, 1.14) |
0.93 (0.78,
1.13) |
Number of studies |
6 vs. 22 |
2 vs. 6 |
2 vs. 6 |
I-squared (p-value) |
19.3% (0.287) vs. 73% (>0.001) |
0.0% (0.330) vs. 0.0% (0.954) |
0.0% (0.674) vs. 8.8%
(0.360) |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.89 (0.83, 0.96) |
0.94 (0.78, 1.14) |
0.91 (0.66,
1.25) |
No |
0.82 (0.66, 1.01) |
0.9 (0.75, 1.10) |
0.95 (0.83,
1.10) |
Number of studies |
15 vs. 13 |
4 vs. 4 |
4 vs. 4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0885) vs. 84% (>0.001) |
0.0% (0.832) vs. 0.0% (0.646) |
36.3% (0.194) vs. 0.0%
(0.821) |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
0.69 (0.53, 0.92) |
NA |
NA |
Low |
0.93 (0.85, 1.03) |
0.92 (0.75, 1.31) |
0.89 (0.73,
1.09) |
Moderate |
0.89 (0.77, 1.04) |
0.92 (0.78, 1.10) |
0.96 (0.84,
1.10) |
Number of studies |
7 vs. 7 vs. 14 |
0 vs. 2 vs. 6 |
0 vs. 2 vs.
6 |
I-squared (p-value) |
80.5% (>0.001) vs. 0.0% (0.954) vs.
69.8% (>0.001) |
NA vs. 0.0% (0.664) vs. 0.0% (0.782) |
NA vs. 0.0% (0.557) vs. 0.0% (0.426) |
Hypertension use status |
|
|
|
Hypertensive patients |
0.89 (0.77, 1.01) |
1.10 (0.64, 1.89) |
0.82
(0.52, 1.30) |
Not-recorded |
0.85 (0.758, 0.96) |
0.91 (0.79, 1.10) |
0.95 (0.84,
1.10) |
Number of studies |
5 vs. 23 |
1 vs. 7 |
1 vs. 7 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.684) vs. 73.1% (>0.001) |
NA vs. 0.0% (0.899) |
Na vs. 0.0% (0.506) |
|
Hospitalisation (n=21) |
Hospitalisation (n=21) |
Hospitalisation (n=21) |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
1.33 (1.21, 1.47) |
1.25 (1.10, 1.46) |
1.33 (0.80,
2.23) |
Crude OR |
1.21 (0.91, 1.61) |
1.10 (0.86, 1.41) |
1.02 (0.79,
1.31) |
Number of studies |
3 vs. 8 |
2 vs. 3 |
2 vs. 3 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.634) vs. 81.5% (>0.001) |
0.0% (0.556) vs. 27.9% (0.250) |
86.1% (0.007) vs. 49%
(0.141) |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
1.11 (0.90, 1.31) |
1.11 (0.91, 1.27) |
0.93 (0.80,
1.10) |
No |
1.45 (1.10, 2.0) |
1.32 (1.10, 1.59) |
1.67 (1.45,
1.92) |
Number of studies |
6 vs. 5 |
3 vs. 2 |
3 vs. 2 |
I-squared (p-value) |
66.2% (0.011) vs. 73.1% (0.005) |
0.0% (0.611)
vs. 0.0% (0.432) |
0.0% (894) vs. 0.0% (0.578) |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
1.20 (0.57, 2.54) |
NA |
NA |
Low |
1.24 (0.98, 1.56) |
1.29 (1.07, 1.56) |
1.69 (1.46,
1.96) |
Moderate |
1.24 (0.94, 1.63) |
1.12 (0.95, 1.31) |
0.99 (0.94,
1.19) |
Number of studies |
2 vs. 2 vs. 7 |
0 vs. 1 vs. 4 |
0 vs. 1 vs.
4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
64.8% (0.092) vs. 76.5% (0.039) vs. 82.9%
(>0.001) |
NA vs. NA vs. 0.0% (0.368) |
NA vs. NA vs.
23.9% (0.268) |
Hypertension use status |
|
|
|
Hypertensive patients |
0.82 (0.67, 1.01) |
0.95 (0.69, 1.30) |
0.94
(0.68, 1.31) |
Not-recorded |
1.35 (1.15, 1.58) |
1.23 (1.10, 1.41) |
1.23 (0.84,
1.78) |
Number of studies |
2 vs. 9 |
1 vs. 4 |
1 vs. 4 |
I-squared (p-value) |
0.0% (0.568) vs. 66% (0.003) |
NA vs. 0.0%
(0.553) |
NA vs. 88.7% (>0.001) |
|
Ventilator use (n=5) |
Ventilator use (n=5) |
Ventilator use (n=5) |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Crude OR |
1.18 (0.84, 1.66)* |
1.01 (0.03, 34.52)* |
0.985 (0.084,
11.57)* |
Number of studies |
0 vs. 3 |
0 vs. 1 |
0 vs. 1 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA vs. 53.4% (0.114) |
NA |
NA |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
1.10 (0.66, 1.75) |
1.01 (0.03, 34.52)* |
0.985 (0.084,
11.57)* |
No |
1.39 (0.99, 1.95) |
NA |
NA |
Number of studies |
2 vs. 1 |
1 vs. 0 |
1 vs. 0 |
I-squared (p-value) |
52.6% (0.146) vs. NA |
NA |
NA |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Low |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Moderate |
1.18 (0.84, 1.66)* |
1.01 (0.03, 34.52)* |
0.985 (0.084,
11.57)* |
Number of studies |
0 vs. 0 vs. 3 |
0 vs. 0 vs. 1 |
0 vs. 0 vs.
1 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA vs. NA vs. 53.4% (0.114) |
NA |
NA |
Hypertension use status |
|
|
|
Hypertensive patients |
0.89 (0.65, 1.23) |
NA |
NA |
Not-recorded |
1.41 (1.10, 1.90) |
1.014 (0.030, 34.758)* |
0.985
(0.084, 11.570)* |
Number of studies |
1 vs. 2 |
0 vs. 1 |
0 vs. 1 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA vs. 0.0% (0.844) |
NA |
NA |
Acute SARS (n=5) |
Acute SARS (n=5) |
Acute SARS (n=5) |
Acute SARS
(n=5) |
Adjusted outcome measure |
|
|
|
Adjusted OR |
NA |
0.95 (0.86, 1.05) |
1.05 (0.97, 1.14) |
Crude OR |
0.71 (0.49, 1.02) |
1.21 (1.01, 1.45) |
1.25 (0.99,
1.57) |
Number of studies |
0 vs. 1 |
1 vs. 1 |
1 vs. 1 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Peer reviewed article? |
|
|
|
Yes |
0.71 (0.49, 1.02)* |
1.06 (0.84, 1.34)* |
1.11 (0.95,
1.29)* |
No |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Number of studies |
1 vs. 0 |
2 vs. 0 |
2 vs. 0 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA |
81% (0.022) vs. NA |
48.9% (0.162) vs.
NA |
Study’s quality |
|
|
|
Critically low |
|
|
|
Low |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Moderate |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Number of studies |
0.71 (0.49, 1.02) |
1.06 (0.84, 1.34)* |
1.11 (0.95,
1.29)* |
I-squared (p-value) |
0 vs. 0 vs. 1 |
0 vs. 0 vs. 2 |
0 vs. 0 vs.
2 |
Hypertension use status |
|
NA vs. NA. vs. 81% (0.022) |
NA vs. NA. vs.
48.9% (0.162) |
Hypertensive patients |
0.71 (0.49, 1.02) |
NA |
NA |
Not-recorded |
NA |
1.06 (0.84, 1.34) |
1.11 (0.95, 1.29) |
Number of studies |
1 vs. 0 |
0 vs. 2 |
0 vs. 2 |
I-squared (p-value) |
NA |
NA vs. 81% (0.022) |
NA vs. 48.9%
(0.162) |
(Note) *Indicates that the pooled estimate is the same as the overall
analyses because all the studies were in one group; NA: not applicable
indicating that no studies were available to perform meta-analyses for
these outcomes; |
(Note) *Indicates that the pooled estimate is the same
as the overall analyses because all the studies were in one group; NA:
not applicable indicating that no studies were available to perform
meta-analyses for these outcomes; |
(Note) *Indicates that the pooled
estimate is the same as the overall analyses because all the studies
were in one group; NA: not applicable indicating that no studies were
available to perform meta-analyses for these outcomes; |
(Note)
*Indicates that the pooled estimate is the same as the overall analyses
because all the studies were in one group; NA: not applicable indicating
that no studies were available to perform meta-analyses for these
outcomes; |