Discussion
The ecology of fear drives demographic and community level changes in
wildlife systems (Zanette et al. 2011; LaManna & Martin 2016;
Suraci et al. 2016). The impacts of the landscape of fear may be
measured, in their simplest form, by alterations in prey behaviour as a
result of the perceived predation risk across a given landscape (Schmitz
et al. 1997; Brown & Kotler 2004; Gaynor et al . 2019). While
research has covered the more advanced aspects of the LOF concept and
its implications, such as energy expenditure and trade-offs, the
following aspects remain somewhat overlooked: