Energetics related with LOF model
Recent publications proposed the incorporation of energetics to understand the movement in space with the conventional model of LOF (Bleicher et al. 2017). Previous studies quantified the energetic expenditure and foraging trade-offs in relation to a LOF; research on cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris ) proposed the existence of a correlation between the distance from shelter and the relative risk of predation within a habitat (Van Der Merwe & Brown, 2008). Multiple variables may alter the extent of predation risk and avoidance behaviours within a LOF; individuals will tolerate higher risk upon exposure to stress imposed by drought, blight, infectious disease, and parasites (Real & Caraco 1986; Raveh et al. 2011; Bleicheret al. 2017). Prey may reduce predator avoidance if the predation is less threatening than death by another means; African ungulates will visit predator-infested watering holes to avoid dehydration (Lima & Dill 1990; Haythornthwaite & Dickman 2006; Tadesse & Kotler 2011; Iribarren & Kotler 2012; Bleicher & Dickman, 2016).