Under this LOF model, in addition to the pressure exerted by predators
in terms of mortality rate, predators will also influence the
distribution of prey species within the landscape. Consequently,
fear-mediated responses to predation risk can be mapped both as a
“landscape of fear”, which emphasizes areas prey should avoid, to
“landscapes of opportunity” (Willems & Hill 2009), which emphasizes
areas of low predation risk and increased foraging opportunities (Figure
1); lagomorphs, including rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) and
jackrabbits (Lepus californicus ), adopt a crepuscular lifestyle
to avoid the peak diurnal activity levels of coyotes (Canis
latrans ) (Razo et al. 2009). Such patterns will vary spatially
and temporally in relation to factors such as the diversity of the
predator community, conspecific density, predator activity and natural
environmental fluctuations (Bleicher et al. 2017). In addition,
they will be susceptible to the influence of human activities such as
habitat destruction and alteration; the lethal control of predators; the
introduction of non-native species, including competitors and predators;
conservation activities; and climate change (Brown et al. 1988;
Brown et al. 2004; Bleicher et al. 2016; Razo et
al. 2012, Laundré et al. 2001; Merwe & Brown 2008).