Anthropogenic disturbance
Darimont et al. (2009) describe humans as a ‘super-predator’,
having removed single or multiple species from a multitude of
landscapes. The elimination of such species, particularly mammalian
megafauna, may be a significant driver of change in a predator-prey
relationship and prey behaviour within a LOF (Oriol-Cotterill et
al. 2015; Suraci et al. 2019). Recently, research has indicated
the significance of a fear response to human activity (Fernández-Juricicet al. 2005; Stankowich & Blumstein 2005; Bateman & Fleming
2017). It is yet to be ascertained, however, whether the presence of
humans as a ‘super-predator’(Kotler 1984) , the noise associated with
human activities, or a combination of both results in behavioural
alterations (Frid & Drill 2002; Stankowich 2008).