CB, cannabinoid receptor; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; DNBS, dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; GPR55, G protein-coupled receptor 55; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NO, nitric oxide; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TLR, toll-like receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor