Ligand Animal model Mechanism
Cannabigerol DNBS-induced colitis Decrease NO production in macrophages and ROS formation in intestinal epithelial cells (Borrelli et al., 2013)
Cannabichromene DNBS-induced colitis Inhibits NO production in macrophages (Romano et al., 2013)
WIN 55,212-2
DSS-induced colitis
Partly inhibits of p38 MAPK (Feng et al., 2016)
HU210
DSS-induced colitis and DNBS-induced colitis
Maintains intestinal barrier integrity independent of TLR4, but produces extraintestinal anti-inflammatory effects that via TLR4-mediated p38 MAPK activation (Lin et al., 2017, Massa et al., 2004)
Palmitoylethanolamide DSS-induced colitis and DNBS-induced colitis Inhibits intestinal inflammation and maintains barrier integrity via activation of CB2, GPR55 and modulation of inflammation-associated VEGF signaling via the Akt/mTOR pathway in a selective PPARα-dependent manner (Borrelli et al., 2015; 49-52)