Kangaroo Island (Karta Pintingga) is Australia’s third-largest island, 112 km south of Adelaide, South Australia (Fig. 1)  The island has a terrestrial area of 4,405 km2 and is 145 km long (east-west) x 54 km wide at its widest point, with a populations of >4000 people.  Over one third ofthe island is protected in nature reserves. Decades of intense feral animal control has eradicated both deer and goats [23]. Eradication is now focused on feral pigs [17, 43] and cats (Felis catus) [44]. After the 2019–2020 fires, the pig population was estimated at < 450 individuals [43]. As part of the Island’s post-bushfire pig-eradication program, there had been extensive ground shooting (one intensive, three-month period that removed 165 pigs), trapping, and baiting for pigs across the island. Ad hoc visual aerial culling occurred in March 2020 while a helicopter was on the Island for aerial baiting. This approach resulted in three 2-hour shooting sessions and removed 7 pigs (1.2 pigs hour-1). The remaining individuals were increasingly difficult to bait or trap, with animals restricted to the western end of the Island, and typically located in inaccessible parts of parks and reserves, former plantation forests, as well as farms. The thermal program consisted of 36.0 flying hours over the western part of the Island in previously identified areas of high pig activity [43]. 
The Limestone Coast is a low-lying sand dune region of south-eastern South Australia.  Feral deer occur throught the Limestone Coast region with fallow deer the most common.  The thermal aerial culling program had a total of 15.5 flying hours across bushland on seven prive holdings cover 173.7 km2.  Properties included a mix of grazing and cropping, with areas of remnant tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and eucalypt woodland. Visual shoots have been done in this area 1-2 times year-1 for several years. Landholders also engaged contract, volunteer, and/or recreational shooters to assist with deer management and a commercial harvester also worked across most of the seven holdings regularly between 2018–2020. A visual aerial cull was done over the area 10 days prior (13–17 September) to the thermal aerial culling program. The visual shoot crew flew 89.9 hours, using 2 helicopters over 5 days, and culled 603 deer (6.8 deer hour-1) across 128,103 ha, with the aim of removing as many deer as quickly as possible. While vegetated areas were included, targeting occurred mainly on open pasture.