Main findings
The C-section rate in Indonesia has steadily increased from 4.0% to 18.5% over the past 20 years across all demographics. The highest C-section rate was reported amongst women in the highest wealth quintile across the study periods. Homebirth decreased dramatically over time. The increase of C-sections by private services was significant by year. In 2017, the C-section rate by private services was slightly higher than public services. After adjusting for all variables, higher educational attainment, better household wealth quintile, having only one child, and the using public childbirth services were positively associated with C-section.