Data Accessibility Statement
The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary information files. However, the land use/cover change dataset analyzed during this study were derived from EarthExplorer domain of Landsat program (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/).
REFERENCES
Abate, T. (2016). Indigenous ecological knowledge and pastoralist perception on rangeland management and degradation in Guji Zone of south Ethiopia. Sustainable Development (15), 192-218.
Abebe, A., Eik, L. O., Holand, Ø., Ådnøy, T., Tolera, A., & production. (2012). Pastoralists’ perceptions of feed scarcity and livestock poisoning in southern rangelands, Ethiopia. Journal Tropical animal health, 44 (1), 149-157.
Adi, S., & Swoboda-Reinhold, M. (2003). The Borana Pastoral production and Livelihood system (BPPLS), BLPDP/GTZ, Addis Ababa and Negelle/Borana Pastoral Participatory Extension Concept-PAOPEC documents worked out compiled during consultant mission of Boris Schiele–September/October . Addis Ababa.
Aklilu, M., Gerard, B., Kindie, T., Lisanework, N., & Duncan, A. (2014). Inter-connection between land use/land cover change and herders’/farmers’ livestock feed resource management strategies: a case study from three Ethiopian eco-environments. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 188 , 150-162. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.022
Angassa, A., & Baars, R. M. (2000). Ecological condition of encroached and non‐encroached rangelands in Borana, Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology, 38 (4), 321-328. doi: 10.2989/10220110609485886
Angassa, A., & Oba, G. (2007). Relating long-term rainfall variability to cattle population dynamics in communal rangelands and a government ranch in southern Ethiopia.Agricultural systems, 94 (3), 715-725. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2007.02.012
Barker, D., & Caradus, J. (2001).Adaptation of forage species to drought. Paper presented at the International Grassland Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Benin, S., Ehui, S., & Pender, J. (2003). Policies for livestock development in the Ethiopian highlands.Environment, Development and Sustainability, 5 (3-4), 491-510. doi: 10.1023/A:1025737315629
Byenkya, G. S. (2004). Impact of undesirable plant communities on the carrying capacity and livestock performance in pastoral systems of south-western Uganda. Texas A&M University.
Caltabiano, T. (2006). Guide to the factors influencing carrying capacities of Queensland’s rangelands. www.nrw.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/land/l80.
Caughley, G. (1979). What is this thing called carrying capacity. In ‘North American elk: ecology, behavior and management’. MS Boyce & LD Hayden-Wing (Eds) , 2-8.
Clements, F. E. (1916). Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation : Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Coppock, D. L. (1994). The Borana plateau of southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of pastoral research, development, and change, 1980-91 (Vol. 5): ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD).
Cossins, N. J., & Upton, M. (1987). The Borana pastoral system of southern Ethiopia. Agricultural systems, 25 (3), 199-218. doi: 10.1016/0308-521X(87)90020-5
Dale, V. H. (1997). The relationship between land‐use change and climate change. Ecological applications, 7 (3), 753-769.
Dalle, G., Maass, B., & Isselstein, J. (2006). Rangeland condition and trend in the semi-arid Borana lowlands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia. African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 23 (1), 49-58.
Deressa, T. T. (2007).Measuring the economic impact of climate change on Ethiopian agriculture: Ricardian approach : The World Bank.
Elias, E. (2008). Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia: Dispossession, access to resources and dialogue with policy makers. Oslo, Norway: Drylands Coordination Group.
Ellis, J. E., Coughenour, M. B., & Swift, D. M. (1993). Climate variability, ecosystem stability, and the implications for range and livestock development. Range ecology at disequilibrium: New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , 31-41.
Engler, J.-O., Abson, D. J., Feller, R., Hanspach, J., & von Wehrden, H. (2018). A social-ecological typology of rangelands based on rainfall variability and farming type.Journal of Arid Environments, 148 , 65-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.09.009
Eshetu, E. Y., & Hailu, T. A. (2020). Carbon sequestration and elevational gradient: The case of Yegof mountain natural vegetation in North East, Ethiopia, implications for sustainable management. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6 (1), 1-15. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2020.1733331
Fahey, D. W., Doherty, S. J., Hibbard, K. A., Romanou, A., & Taylor, P. C. (2017). Physical drivers of climate change. In D. J. Wuebbles, D. W. Fahey, K. A. Hibbard, D. J. Dokken, B. C. Stewart & T. K. Maycock (Eds.), Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment (Vol. I, pp. 73-113). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
Fan, X., Ma, Z., Yang, Q., Han, Y., & Mahmood, R. (2015). Land use/land cover changes and regional climate over the Loess Plateau during 2001–2009. Part II: interrelationship from observations. Climatic Change, 129 (3-4), 441-455. doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1068-5
FAO. (2015). The second report on the state of the world’s animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. In B. D. Scherf & D. Pilling (Eds.), FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. (Vol. 2). Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4787e/index.html).
Faurès, J., Bartley, D., Bazza, M., Burke, J., Hoogeveen, J., Soto, D., & Steduto, P. (2013). Climate smart agriculture sourcebook. FAO, Rome, 557 .
Feddema, J. J., Oleson, K. W., Bonan, G. B., Mearns, L. O., Buja, L. E., Meehl, G. A., & Washington, W. M. (2005). The importance of land-cover change in simulating future climates. Science, 310 (5754), 1674-1678. doi: 10.1126/science.1118160
Garedew, E., Sandewall, M., Söderberg, U., & Campbell, B. M. (2009). Land-use and land-cover dynamics in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Environmental management, 44 (4), 683-694. doi: 10.1007/s00267-009-9355-z
Gebru, G., Desta, S., & Coppock, D. L. (2003). Managing risk in pastoral systems: research and outreach experiences of the Pastoral Risk management (PARIMA) project in Southern Ethiopia and Northern Kenya. Paper presented at the Challenges and opportunities of livestock marketing in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 10th annual conferences of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Gessesse, B., & Bewket, W. (2014). Drivers and implications of land use and land cover change in the central highlands of Ethiopia: Evidence from remote sensing and socio-demographic data integration. Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities, 10 (2), 1-23.
Giday, K., Humnessa, B., Muys, B., Taheri, F., & Azadi, H. (2018). Effects of livestock grazing on key vegetation attributes of a remnant forest reserve: The case of Desa’a Forest in northern Ethiopia. Global ecology and conservation, 14 , e00395. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00395
Haile, G., Assen, M., & Ebro, A. (2010). Land use/cover dynamics and its implications since the 1960s in the Borana rangelands of Southern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22 (7), 132.
Hidosa, D., & Guyo, M. (2017). Climate Change Effects on Livestock Feed Resources: A Review.Fish. Livest Prod, 5 , 259.
Hocking, D., & Mattick, A. (1993). Dynamiccarryingcapacityanalysisastoolforconceptualizingandplanningrangemanagementim provements, withacasestudyfromIndia. Pastoral Development Network, 34c, Retrieved from http://www.odi.org.uk/networks/pdn/papers/34c.pdf
Homewood, K., Lambin, E. F., Coast, E., Kariuki, A., Kikula, I., Kivelia, J., . . . Thompson, M. (2001). Long-term changes in Serengeti-Mara wildebeest and land cover: pastoralism, population, or policies? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98 (22), 12544-12549. doi: 10.1073/pnas.221053998
Houérou, L. H., & Hoste, C. H. (1977). Rangeland production and annual rainfall relations in the Mediterranean Basin and in the African Sahelo Sudanian zone.Rangeland Ecology & Management/Journal of Range Management Archives, 30 (3), 181-189.
Husein, D. H. (2018). Determinants of Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies Among Pastoral Households: The Case of Erer District, In Sitti Zone Ethiopian Somali Regional State.Sitti Zone Ethiopian Somali Regional State (February 22, 2018) .
IPCC. (2019). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Summary for Policymakers, In press , 36. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/
Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining sample size.
Lipper, L., McCarthy, N., Zilberman, D., Asfaw, S., & Branca, G. (2017). Climate smart agriculture: building resilience to climate change (Vol. 52): Springer.
Macharia, P., & Ekaya, W. (2005). The impact of rangeland condition and trend to the grazing resources of a semi-arid environment in Kenya. Journal of Human Ecology, 17 (2), 143-147.
Mendelsohn, R., & Seo, S. N. (2007). Climate change adaptation in Africa: a microeconomic analysis of livestock choice. CEEPA Discussion Paper No. 19, Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria.: The World Bank.
Mengistu, D. A., & Salami, A. T. (2007). Application of remote sensing and GIS inland use/land cover mapping and change detection in a part of south western Nigeria.African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1 (5), 99-109.
Meshesha, D. T., Moahmmed, M., & Yosuf, D. (2019). Estimating carrying capacity and stocking rates of rangelands in Harshin District, Eastern Somali Region, Ethiopia.Ecology and Evolution, 9 (23), 13309-13319. doi: 10.1002/ece3.5786
Meshesha, D. T., Tsunekawa, A., & Tsubo, M. (2012). Continuing land degradation: cause–effect in Ethiopia’s Central Rift Valley. Land degradation & development, 23 (2), 130-143.
Mugerwa, J. (1992). Management and utilization of rangeland: The case of Uganda. Paper presented at the 2nd FAO regional workshop on grazing resources for East Africa, Kampala Uganda, 30th March-3rd April.
Müller, B., Linstädter, A., Frank, K., Bollig, M., & Wissel, C. (2007). Learning from local knowledge: modeling the pastoral‐nomadic range management of the himba, namibia.Ecological applications, 17 (7), 1857-1875.
Negasa, B., Eba, B., Tuffa, S., Bayissa, B., Doyo, J., & Husen, N. (2014). Control of bush encroachment in Borana zone of southern Ethiopia: effects of different control techniques on rangeland vegetation and tick populations.Pastoralism, 4 (1), 18. doi: 10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1
Nelson, F. (2012). Natural conservationists? Evaluating the impact of pastoralist land use practices on Tanzania’s wildlife economy. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 2 (1), 15. doi: 10.1186/2041-7136-2-15
Oba, G. (2012). Harnessing pastoralists’ indigenous knowledge for rangeland management: three African case studies. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 2 (1), 1. doi: 10.1186/2041-7136-2-1
Ort, D. R., & Ainsworth, E. (2012). Focus on Climate Change. Plant Physiology, 160 (4), 1675-1676. doi: 10.1104/pp.112.900450
Pratt, D. J., & Gwynne, M. D. (1977). Rangeland management and ecology in East Africa : Hodder and Stoughton.
Rahman, A., Duncan, A. J., Miller, D. W., Clemens, J., Frutos, P., Gordon, I. J., . . . Wright, I. A. (2008). Livestock feed resources, production and management in the agro-pastoral system of the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan region of Pakistan: The effect of accessibility. Agricultural systems, 96 (1-3), 26-36. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2007.05.003
Reid, R. S., Kruska, R. L., Muthui, N., Taye, A., Wotton, S., Wilson, C. J., & Mulatu, W. (2000). Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic, biological and socio-political forces: the case of southwestern Ethiopia.Landscape Ecology, 15 (4), 339-355.
Rotherham, I. D. (2013). Trees, forested landscapes and grazing animals: a European perspective on woodlands and grazed treescapes : Routledge.
Rust, J., & Rust, T. (2013). Climate change and livestock production: A review with emphasis on Africa.South African Journal of Animal Science, 43 (3), 255-267. doi: 10.4314/sajas.v43i3.3
Smit, G. (2004). An approach to tree thinning to structure southern African savannas for long-term restoration from bush encroachment. Journal of Environmental Management, 71 (2), 179-191. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.02.005
Timberlake, J., & Reddy, S. J. (1986). Potential pasture productivity and livestock carrying capacity over Mozambique Serie Terra e Agua. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agronomica, Maputo (Vol. 49, pp. 28). Maputo, Mozambique: ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils.
Tolera, A., Yami, A., & Alemu, D. (Eds.). (2012). Livestock feed resources in Ethiopia: challenges, opportunities and the need for transformation . Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Animal Feeds Industry Association.
USEPA. (2016). Climate impacts on agriculture and food supply (Vol. https://www.epa.gov/): United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Valtorta, S. E. (2002). Animal production in a changing climate: impacts and mitigation. 1-12.
Vetter, S. (2004). Rangelands at Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium. Recent Developments in the Debate around Rangeland Ecology and Management .
Virmani, S., Sahrawat, K., & Burford, J. (1982). Physical and chemical properties of Vertisols and their management.
Warne, R. W., Pershall, A. D., & Wolf, B. O. (2010). Linking precipitation and C3–C4 plant production to resource dynamics in higher‐trophic‐level consumers. Ecology, 91 (6), 1628-1638. doi: 10.1890/08-1471.1
Wickens, G. (1980). Alternative uses of browse species. In H. N. l. Houérou (Ed.), Alternative uses of browse species. (pp. 155-182). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA).
Wolde-Georgis, T., Aweke, D., & Hagos, Y. (2000). The Case of Ethiopia: Reducing the impacts of Environmental Emergencies through Early Warning and ….
Wroe, R. (1988). Guide to range condition and stocking rates for Alberta grasslands, 1988 : Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, Public Lands Division.
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis.
Yesuph, A. Y., & Dagnew, A. B. (2019). Land use/cover spatiotemporal dynamics, driving forces and implications at the Beshillo catchment of the Blue Nile Basin, North Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 8 (1), 21. doi: 10.1186/s40068-019-0148-y
Žurovec, O., & Vedeld, P. O. (2019). Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in Laggard Transitional Economies: A Case from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sustainability, 11 (21), 6079. doi: 10.3390/su11216079