Study Area
Our sampling frame is the western distribution of the Columbia black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) on the Nearctic Pacific coastline, within the dry Garry Oak (Quercus garryana ) savannah (Barlow 2017, GOERT 2021, McCune, Pellatt and Vellend 2013, Pellatt and Gedalof 2014). This savannah’s Canadian distribution includes the District of Oak Bay on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, characterized by small- and large-lot residential areas, urban development, golf courses, as well as managed and natural parks throughout. The district is bordered by the Salish Sea to the east and south (Fig. 1).