By whom and for whom

The agencies or actors responsible for implementing the actions under each of the strategies will differ. In some cases, it is government who need to drive and implement the action (e.g. education programs, regulations and taxes, and economic incentives), whereas for other actions it is industry, NGOs or the community who need to take responsibility. However, in most instances, a combination of agencies and actors will need to share responsibility for particular actions, with government playing an especially important role in enabling the implementation of actions. These combinations are also likely to differ depending on the scale of the action, or the specific context in which it is situated.
Furthermore, it should be noted, that while we provide descriptions of concrete actions to affect change and move towards ‘Living & Connecting’ by 2030 (Extended Data Table 1), these actions require different combinations of capital (e.g. natural, social or economic). As a result they are likely to require modifications to tailor them to particular contexts, such as for developing nations or countries under non-democratic political systems (Sachs et al. 2019). The benefits of the actions are unlikely to be distributed equitably if the local context is not adequately considered. The risk of failure of the actions to have the desired effect or perhaps even have some unknown and unintended consequences is acknowledged. Some of the risk categories can be identified and some are more obvious than others, such as a lack of capacity and resources. However, other less obvious but real risks also apply such as a lack of commitment, lack of influence/impact, or technically impossible action. If these risks are identified early, it will reduce the potential for unsuccessful implementation or adverse unintended consequences.