By whom and for whom
The agencies or actors responsible for implementing the actions under
each of the strategies will differ. In some cases, it is government who
need to drive and implement the action (e.g. education programs,
regulations and taxes, and economic incentives), whereas for other
actions it is industry, NGOs or the community who need to take
responsibility. However, in most instances, a combination of agencies
and actors will need to share responsibility for particular actions,
with government playing an especially important role in enabling the
implementation of actions. These combinations are also likely to differ
depending on the scale of the action, or the specific context in which
it is situated.
Furthermore, it should be noted, that while we provide descriptions of
concrete actions to affect change and move towards ‘Living &
Connecting’ by 2030 (Extended Data Table 1), these actions require
different combinations of capital (e.g. natural, social or economic). As
a result they are likely to require modifications to tailor them to
particular contexts, such as for developing nations or countries under
non-democratic political systems (Sachs et al. 2019). The benefits of
the actions are unlikely to be distributed equitably if the local
context is not adequately considered. The risk of failure of the actions
to have the desired effect or perhaps even have some unknown and
unintended consequences is acknowledged. Some of the risk categories can
be identified and some are more obvious than others, such as a lack of
capacity and resources. However, other less obvious but real risks also
apply such as a lack of commitment, lack of influence/impact, or
technically impossible action. If these risks are identified early, it
will reduce the potential for unsuccessful implementation or adverse
unintended consequences.