An abundance of data indicate there are sex differences in endogenous
opioid peptides and opioid receptors, leading to functional differences
in sensitivity to opioid-mediated behaviors between males and females.
Many of these sex differences are mediated by the effects of gonadal
hormones on the endogenous opioid system. Whereas much research has
examined the role of ovarian hormones on opioid-mediated endpoints,
comparatively less research has examined the role of androgens. This
review describes what is currently known regarding the influence of
androgens on opioid-mediated endpoints and how androgens may contribute
to sex differences in opioid-mediated effects. The review also addresses
the clinical implications of androgenic modulation of opioid-mediated
behaviors and suggests future lines of research for preclinical and
clinical investigators, We conclude that further investigation into
androgenic modulation of opioid-mediated effects may lead to new options
for addressing conditions such as chronic pain and substance use
disorders.