Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships among 36 populations ofR. aureum . inferred from AFLP data using a UPGMA tree (up) and with the STRUCTURE result at K = 2 (below).
The consensus UPGMA tree of populations contained three main groups (Figure 2) . Group I contained all the northern, western, and northeastern slope populations. Group II was composed of all the populations from the southern slope and some populations on the western end of the U-shaped valley (populations NW7–NW10). The remaining populations (populations L1, L2, WTE1, and WTE2), which do not occupy the peak of Changbai Mountain, clustered in group III.
An AMOVA (Table 2) attributed 68.87% of the overall genetic variation to the among-population component. A nested AMOVA that considered the two main genetic groups based on the Bayesian clustering analysis with the software STRUCTURE (K = 2) attributed 12.31% of the global variation to differences between the two clusters, 58. 78% to among-populations within clusters and 28.91% to within populations (ΦST = 0.711; both at P < 0.0001).
Table 2. AMOVAs for AFLP variation surveyed in a total of 36 populations of