Pathway to optimal organismal omega-3 fatty acid content |
Type of functional trait |
Examples |
Reference(s) |
|
SUBORDINATE TRAITS |
SUBORDINATE TRAITS |
SUBORDINATE TRAITS |
Pathway 1: individual-level intracellular fatty acid conversion
and regulation |
Pathway 1: individual-level intracellular
fatty acid conversion and regulation |
Pathway 1:
individual-level intracellular fatty acid conversion and regulation |
Pathway 1: individual-level intracellular fatty acid conversion
and regulation |
|
Fatty acid metabolic traits
(Fig. 4)
T1: fatty acid synthase
T2: SFA elongase
T3: stearoyl-CoA desaturase
T4: omega desaturase
T5: Front-end desaturase
T6: PUFA elongase
T7: Beta-oxidation genes
|
|
Castro et al. 2012
Castro et al. 2016
Kabeya et al. 2018
Boyen et al. 2020
|
Pathway 2: individual-level organismal resource acquisition and
life history |
Pathway 2: individual-level organismal resource
acquisition and life history |
Pathway 2: individual-level
organismal resource acquisition and life history |
Pathway 2:
individual-level organismal resource acquisition and life history |
|
BEHAVIOURAL ACQUISITION TRAITS |
BEHAVIOURAL
ACQUISITION TRAITS |
BEHAVIOURAL ACQUISITION
TRAITS |
|
Selective Foraging Behaviour
|
Between prey items within an ecosystem:
Calanoid copepods
Rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Between seasons within an ecosystem European whitefish
(Coregonus lavaretus)
Tuatara
(Sphenodon punctatus)
Between ecotypes within an ecosystem:
Killer whales
(Orcinus orca)
Threespine stickleback
(Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Between ecosystems:
Eastern Phoebes
(Sayornis phoebe)
|
Eglite et al. 2019
Roy et al. 2020
Keva et al. 2019
Cartland-Shaw et al. 1998
Herman et al. 2005
Hudson et al. pers. comm.; Daneau-Lamoureux pers. comm.
Twining et al. 2019
|
|
Consumer Trophic Position
|
Ontogeny in Eurasian perch
(Perca fluviatilis)
Dietary plasticity in larval anurans
|
Chaguaceda et al. 2020
Whiles et al. 2010
|
|
LIFE HISTORY TRAITS |
LIFE HISTORY TRAITS |
LIFE HISTORY TRAITS |
|
Body size
|
Freshwater calanoid copepods
Round gobies and
(Neogobius melanostomus)
Monkey gobies
(Neogobius fluviatilis)
|
Charette and Derry 2016
Ghomi et al. 2014
|
|
Maternal investment
Egg Composition (maternal effects)
Milk Composition
|
Daphnia egg composition
Tropical nudibranch egg composition
(Aeolidilla stephanieae)
Mammalian milk composition
|
Schlotz et al. 2013
Leal et al. 2012; Leal et al. 2013
Brenna et al. 2009;
Hibbeln et al. 2019;
Muhlhausler et al. 2011
|
|
Migration
|
Migratory songbirds
Migratory bats
Southern hemisphere humpback whales
(Megaptera novaeanglidae)
|
Pierce and McWilliams 2005; Pierce and McWilliams 2014
McGuire et al. 2013
Waugh et al. 2012
|
|
Phenology
|
Colorado potato beetles
(Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
|
Clements et al. 2019
|
|
Hibernation
|
Black bears
(Ursus americanus)
Yellow-bellied marmots
(Marmota flaviventris)
|
Iverson and Oftedal 1992
Hill and Florant 1999
|
|
Dormancy & diapause
|
Harpacticoid copepods (Heteropsyllus nunni)
Lepidopterans
|
Williams and Biesiot 2004
Vukašinović et al. 2015; Hemmati et al. 2017
|
|
Morphology (consumer feeding traits) |
Three-spine stickleback |
Hudson et al pers. comm.; Daneau-Lamoureux et al. pers.
comm. |
Influenced by both Pathways 1 and 2 |
Influenced by
both Pathways 1 and 2 |
Influenced by both Pathways 1 and 2 |
Influenced by both Pathways 1 and 2 |
|
Lipid traits |
Lipid traits |
Lipid
traits |
|
Total lipids
|
Fairy shrimp
(Chirocephalus diaphanus)
Euphausiids
(Meganyctiphanes norvegica)
Calanoid copepods (Diaptomus kenai)
|
Bocca et al. 1998
Mayzaud et al. 1999
Butler 1994
|
|
Lipid classes (e.g., TAGs, polar lipids)
|
Euphausiids
|
Saito et al. 2002
Mayzaud et al. 1999
|
|
Fatty acid content:
SFA (e.g., 16.0, 18.0)
MUFA (e.g., OA)
PUFAs (e.g., LA, ALA)
LC-PUFA (e.g., DHA)
|
Daphnia EPA content
Copepod DHA content
Sex-specific differences: Daphnia
Tuatara
Southern humpback whales
|
Hessen and Leu 2006; Wacker and Martin-Creuzburg 2007; Sperfeld and
Wacker 2012
Charette and Derry 2016
Martin-Creuzburg et al. 2018
Cartland-Shaw et al. 1998
Waugh et al. 2012
|
|
Body condition indexes
-weight to length
-fat mass
|
Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)
Humans
(Homo sapiens)
Round gobies and Monkey gobies
|
Twining et al. 2016
Tan 2014; Elias and Innis 2001
Ghomi et al. 2014
|
|
Physiological traits |
|
|
|
Cell membrane fluidity
|
Eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)
Humans and Roundworms
(Caenorhabditis elegans)
|
Mineo et al. 2019
Ruiz et al. 2019
|
|
Mitochondrial function
|
Ground squirrels
Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)
Humans
|
Gerson et al. 2008
Price et al. 2018
Herbst et al. 2014
|
|
Inflammation
|
Immune system performance in Wolf spiders
Daphnia
Largemouth bass
(Micropterus salmoides)
|
Fritz et al 2017
Schlotz et al 2012
Schlotz et al 2013
Schlotz et al 2016
Zhou et al 2020
|
|
Buoyancy
|
Calanoid copepods
(Calanoides acutus)
|
Pond and Tarling 2011
|
|
Metabolic Rate and Exercise Performance
|
Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels
(Spermophilus tridecemlineatus)
White-throated Sparrows
(Zonotrichia albicollis)
Yellow-rumped Warblers
(Setophaga coronata)
Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar)
Mammals
|
Gerson et al. 2008
Price and Guglielmo 2009
Dick and Guglielmo 2019
McKenzie et al 1998
Ruf et al 2006
|
Pathway Products: Individual-level fitness component traits |
Pathway Products: Individual-level fitness component traits |
Pathway Products: Individual-level fitness component traits |
Pathway Products: Individual-level fitness component
traits |
|
Growth
|
Daphnia
Tree Swallows
Eastern Phoebes
Freshwater fish
|
Brett and Müller-Navarra 1997; Müller-Navarra et al. 2000; Ilić et al.
2019
Twining et al. 2016
Twining et al. 2019
Glencross 2009;
Zhou et al. 2019
Lundova et al. 2018
|
|
Development
|
Mammalian brain development
Avian embryonic development
|
McNamara and Arsch 2019
Pappas et al. 2007
|
|
Reproduction
|
Freshwater calanoid copepod fecundity
Daphnia fecundity
Eurasian perch gonad size
|
Charette and Derry 2016
Sperfeld and Wacker 2012; Ilić et al. 2019
Scharnweber and Gårdmark 2020
|
|
Survival
|
Tree Swallow fledge success
Sterlet survival
(Acipenser ruthenus)
|
Twining et al. 2018
Lundova et al. 2018
|