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\begin{document}

\title{Tree diversity and functional leaf traits drive herbivore-associated
microbiomes in subtropical China}



\author[1]{Yi Li}%
\author[2]{Douglas Chesters}%
\author[1]{Ming-Qiang Wang}%
\author[3]{Tesfaye Wubet}%
\author[4]{Andreas Schuldt}%
\author[5]{Perttu Anttonen}%
\author[1]{Peng-Fei Guo}%
\author[6]{Jingting Chen}%
\author[1]{Qing-Song Zhou}%
\author[7]{Naili Zhang}%
\author[8]{Keping Ma}%
\author[9]{Helge Bruelheide}%
\author[2]{Chun-sheng Wu}%
\author[10]{Chao-Dong Zhu}%
\affil[1]{Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Institute of Zoology}%
\affil[3]{Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research}%
\affil[4]{University of Göttingen}%
\affil[5]{Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden}%
\affil[6]{Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[7]{Beijing Forestry University}%
\affil[8]{Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[9]{University of Halle- Wittenberg}%
\affil[10]{Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%


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  \date{May 08, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Herbivore insects acquire microorganisms from host plants or soil, but
it remains unclear how the diversity and functional composition of host
plants contribute to structuring herbivore microbiomes. Within a
controlled tree-diversity setting, we used DNA metabarcoding of 16S rRNA
to assess the contribution of Lepidoptera species and their local
environment (particularly, tree diversity, host tree species, and leaf
traits) to the composition of associated bacterial communities. In
total, we obtained 7,909 bacterial OTUs from 634 caterpillar individuals
comprising 146 species. Tree diversity was found to drive the diversity
of caterpillar-associated bacteria both directly, and indirectly via
effects on caterpillar communities, and tree diversity was a stronger
predictor of bacterial diversity than diversity of caterpillars. Leaf
toughness and dry matter content were important traits of the host plant
determining bacterial species composition, while leaf calcium and
potassium concentration influenced bacterial richness. Our study reveals
previously unknown linkages between trees and their characteristics,
herbivore insects, and their associated microbes, which contributes to
developing a more nuanced understanding of functional dependencies
between herbivores and their environment, and has implications for the
consequences of plant diversity loss for trophic interactions.%
\end{abstract}%



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