3.5 Other Flavivirus
YFV infection increases the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-7, and ultimately leads to apoptosis(Holanda, Casseb, Quaresma, Vasconcelos, & Cruz, 2019). Besides, YFV infection can regulate the expression of various cytokines such as TGF-β, TNF-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ, which are participated in viral infection-induced apoptosis(Quaresma et al., 2006). Furthermore, the tick-borne flaviviruses LIV and TBEV can induce increased expression of apoptosis pathway related genes after infectionI. ricinus cells(Mansfield et al., 2017). Langat virus can induce neural and nonneural cell apoptosi, further experiments showed that P35 protein can inhibit a variety of caspases, while LGTV E protein can activate caspase-3 by inhibiting the activity of P35 protein, thereby reducing cell viability and inducing apoptosis(Prikhod’Ko, Prikhod’Ko, Cohen, & Pletnev, 2001). The regulation of other flavivirus on apoptosis is summarized in Table 5.