Types of PAI | Organisms involved | Applications | Reference |
Positive | | | |
Mutualism /Symbiosis | Arthropods and plants | Sustainable agricultural methods | Rasmussen et al. 2021 |
Pollination | Arthropods and plants | Environmental integrity and pest management | Thomsen & Sigsgaard, 2019 |
| Bats and plants | Identification of plant-feeding behavior, pollen transport, seed dispersions | Edwards et al. 2019; Bell et al. 2021 |
| Honey bees and plants | Pollinator-plant preference and interactions | Hawkins et al. 2015; Keller et al. 2015; Bovo et al. 2018; De Vere et al. 2017; Milla et al. 2021; Oliver et al. 2021 |
| Insects and plants | Pollen-transport interactions; ecosystem monitoring | Pornon et al. 2016; Utzeri et al. 2018; Baksay et al. 2020 |
| Moths and plants | Identification of plant-feeding behavior and pollen transport networks | Chang et al. 2018; Macgregor et al. 2019 |
Frugivory | Birds and plants | Species interaction and potential use in population genetics | Monge et al. 2020 |
Antagonistic | | | |
Parasite/parasitoid | Parasitoid and plants | Identification of plant-parasitoids interaction, environmental integrity and pest management | Derocles et al. 2015; Thomsen & Sigsgaard, 2019 |
Predation/Herbivory | Deers and plants | Forest management; foraging behaviors; dietary assessment for conservation purposes | van Beeck Calkoen et al. 2019; Iacolina et al. 2020; Nakahama et al. 2021 |
| European bison and plants | Dietary assessment | Kowalczyk et al. 2019 |
| Gazelle and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Ait Baamrane et al. 2012 |
| Grouse and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Chua et al. 2021 |
| Idaho ground squirrel and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Goldberg et al. 2020 |
| Insects and plants | Mesocosm validation of insect-plant interactions | Kudoh et al. 2020 |
| Italian hare and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Buglione et al. 2018 |
| Lambs and plants | Dietary assessment and feeding selectivity | Pegard et al. 2009 |
| Lemmings and plants | Dietary assessment and foraging behaviors | Soininen et al. 2017 |
| Lemur and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Quéméré et al. 2013 |
| Mammals and plants | Dietary assessment, foraging behaviors, trophic interactions and niche partitioning | Kartzinel et al. 2015; Meyer et al. 2020; Boukhdoud et al. 2021; ter Schure et al. 2021 |
| Moose and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Iacolina et al. 2020 |
| Mouse and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Iwanowicz et al. 2016 |
| Nematodes and plants | Dietary assessment and study the impact of climatic variation | Pitteloud et al. 2020 |
| Orthoptera and plants | Dietary assessment and study the impact of climatic variation | Pitteloud et al. 2020 |
| Tapir and plants | Dietary assessment and trophic interactions | Hilbert et al. 2013 |
| Turtles and lotus roots | Dietary assessment and feeding activity | Koizumi et al. 2016 |
| Ungulates and plants | Dietary assessment, foraging behaviors, and ecological interactions | Nichols et al. 2012; Nichols et al. 2015 |
| Woodland caribou and plants | Dietary assessment for conservation purposes | Newmaster et al. 2013 |