3. RESULTS
Comparisons of morphological traits between males and females showed significant differences by species (F = 72.04, d.f. = 92, p <0.001), sex (F = 4.22, d.f. = 17, p <0.001) and their interaction (F = 2.8, d.f. = 94, p <0.001, Table 2). Los rasgos craneales que presentaron mayor variabilidad fueron la longitud dentaria (DENL), la longitud de los dientes de la mandíbula (MANDL) con un coeficiente de variación de 47.2% y 18.50% respectivamente, mientras que los demás rasgos morfológicos presentaron una menor variación baja en 10%.
The PCA had the first two axes explaining 91.8% of all the variance. The first component (PC1) explained 87.4% of the total variance and is determined by the width across the upper first molars (M1-M1), zygomatic breadth (ZB), forearm length (AB), dentary length (DENL) and condylo-incisor length (CIL). The second component (PC2), explained 4.4% of the variance, and was associated with the traits of maxillary toothrow length (MTRL), width between the cingulate of the upper canines (C-C), greater length of the skull (GLS), postorbital amplitude (PB), braincase breadth; (BB), and the bite force (BF) (Figure 3).
The CVA had two main groups containing species of small-sized nomadic frugivorous and sedentary frugivorous bats; and large-sized nomadic frugivorous bats. Five subgroups were identified for A. anderseniand A. phaeotis ; S. giannae ; U. convexum andPlatyrrhinus helleri ; A. planirostris ; and Artibeus lituratus (Figure 3). The traits that most contributed to the discrimination of the species in the CVA were MANDL, PL and WMC, which explained the greater morphological variation between species (Figure 4).
Table 2. Species, sample size (n) bats used to investigate bite force and jaw-skull shape relationships.