Communication routes (railways and roads) density |
Communication |
Shannon’s diversity index of landscape |
SHDI |
Urban area percentage |
Urban |
Cropland area percentage |
Cropland |
Forest area percentage |
Forest |
Human population density |
Density |
Income per capita |
Income |
Topographic roughness index |
TRI |
Topographic position index |
TPI |
Average annual temperature |
Temperature |
Topographic wetness index |
TWI |
Temperature seasonality |
Ts |
Annual sum of precipitation |
Precipitation |
CaCO3 content |
Ca |
K content |
K |
N content |
N |
P content |
P |
pH in H2O |
pH |
Distance to nearest introduction site S.canadensis
|
distance_S.can |
Distance to nearest introduction site S.gigantea
|
distance_S.gig |
Presence of competing Solidago species* |
Competitor |