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\begin{document}

\title{Leaf conduits grow wider than thicker and are potentially vulnerable to
implosion}



\author[1]{Ilaíne  Matos}%
\author[1]{Samantha McDonough}%
\author[1]{Breanna Carrillo Johnson}%
\author[1]{Diana Kalantar}%
\author[1]{James Rohde}%
\author[1]{Roshni Sahu}%
\author[1]{Joyce Wang}%
\author[1]{Adrian Fontao}%
\author[1]{Jason To}%
\author[1]{Sonoma Carlos}%
\author[2]{Lisa Garcia}%
\author[1]{Mickey Boakye}%
\author[3]{Holly Forbes}%
\author[1]{Benjamin Blonder}%
\affil[1]{University of California Berkeley Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management}%
\affil[2]{University of New Mexico Department of Biology}%
\affil[3]{University of California Berkeley}%


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  \date{May 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Xylem conduits have lignified walls to resist crushing pressures. The
thicker the double-wall ( \emph{T}) relative to its maximum diameter (
\emph{D}), the greater the collapse/implosion resistance. Having xylem
that is more resistant than necessary incurs high costs and reduced
flow, while having xylem not resistant enough may lead to catastrophic
collapse under drought. Despite the importance of xylem implosion safety
in determining plant drought resistance, it is still unclear how leaves
scale \emph{T}x \emph{D} to trade-off among implosion safety, flow
efficiency, mechanical support, and construction cost. We measured
\emph{T} and \emph{D} in over 7,000 leaf xylem conduits of 122 ferns and
angiosperms species to investigate how the \emph{T}x \emph{D} scaling
varies across species, clades, habitats, growth forms, and vein orders.
Overall, leaf xylem conduits grow wider than thicker, potentially
resulting in high flow efficiency and lower cost, but at the expense of
high vulnerability to implosion. Conduits seem particularly vulnerable
to implosion in monocots, aquatic species and in species from hydric
habitats, as well as in major veins. The absence of strong trade-offs
within the leaf functional traits examined suggests that implosion
safety at the whole-leaf level cannot be easily predicted by the sum of
the individual conduits' resistance to collapse.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`Xylem implosion safety_v3.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/408465/articles/672984-leaf-conduits-grow-wider-than-thicker-and-are-potentially-vulnerable-to-implosion}

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