Figure 1 The resistance and resilience of microbial community from different terrestrial ecosystems. Fig. 1A depicts the magnitude of resistance and resilience of the bacterial and fungal communities among bare soil, grass, shrub, deciduous forest, and coniferous forest. Different letters indicate significance (P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA Tukey’s test). Fig. 1B and 1C depict the negative relationship between resistance and resilience of the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively.

As depicted in Fig. 1, the ecosystem with lowest bacterial resilience was shrub (-0.86), which was not significantly different from grass and bare soil (P > 0.05), but was significantly lower than deciduous forest (0.06) and coniferous forest (-0.15, P < 0.05). Similarly, fungal resilience was lowest in shrub (-0.68), then bare soil (-0.58), and both were significantly lower than coniferous forest (0.46, P < 0.05), but not significantly lower than grass and deciduous forest (P > 0.05). Bacterial resistance was highest in shrub (0.46) and lowest in coniferous forest (-0.70), and these two ecosystems were significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other while the other 3 showed no significant differences between them (P > 0.05). The highest fungal resistance was observed in bare soil (0.28), and was significantly higher than in the coniferous forest (-0.72, P < 0.05). Microbial resistance showed a decreasing trend with vegetation types from bare soil, grass, shrub, deciduous forest, to coniferous forest while the microbial resilience showed an increasing trend. Linear regression analysis showed a significantly negative relationship between resistance and resilience in both the bacterial (Fig. 1B, P < 0.05, R²=0.42, slope=-0.51) and fungal (Fig.1 C, P < 0.05, R²=0.62, slope=-0.91) communities, which indicated a trade-off between microbial community resistance and resilience and that fungal communities were less likely to possess both high resistance and resilience.