Results
Overall, 52 studies were included in this meta-analysis (references
presented in the Appendix ). A summary of their methodological
characteristics is presented in the Appendix . Most of the
studies included pregnant women at the third trimester of pregnancy. The
actual gestational age at assessment was particularly heterogeneous as
several studies included populations at gestational ages that covered
both the early and late preterm period. The Newcastle - Ottawa revealed
that the methodological quality of included studies ranged from moderate
to inferior. The quality of evidence following evaluation of the GRADE
framework revealed moderate study limitations and significant
inconsistency (Table 1 ).