Visual Counts:
Many species associate in permanent mixed-species flocks in both the
understory and the canopy. By identifying individual flocks and
censusing each, direct counts are made of each of the permanent flock
species. Mixed-species flocks were identified with the aid of
color-banding individuals in each flock and by mapping the individual
roosting sites per flock. We subsequently mapped flock territories by
following the flocks on a daily basis between September 9th and November
6th of 2018, starting at sunrise (MartÃnez & Gomez 2013), and estimated
the number of individuals in each flock, supplementing this mapping with
an additional field season from July 6th to September
29th 2019, for a total of 446 hours of
flock-following. We additionally used visual counts to verify the
presence of other species on the plot (i.e., Piculus spp. ,Cotinga spp. , Gymnoderus foetidus , Porphyrolaema
porphyrolaema. and Tangara spp .), although in most cases these
counts were not sufficient to derive density estimates.