Monospecific Flocks:
Group sizes for parrots were counted from a canoe in the oxbow lake and from the bank of the Manu River, primarily at dusk as groups flew to roosting sites. These group sizes were averaged by species and combined with spot-mapping locations along the trail system to estimate the number of individuals per species on the plot. As per the original study, we derived the average encounter rate of birds perched on the plot per species per census route. We subsequently used these encounter rates and multiplied by the average group size per species by the fraction of the plot covered by each census route to derive density estimates of each parrot species on the plot.