2a) Fertility after pupal heat-stress
There was no interaction between pupal hardening and stress temperatures on the age of reproductive maturity (ARM) (Cox proportional hazard test interaction term: HR= 0.3831, χ2(1)=1.096, p=0.295; Figure 2a). However, high pupal stress temperatures increase the time after eclosion until males can produce offspring (Cox proportional hazard test interaction term: HR= -0.8862, χ2(1) =23.27, p<0.001; Figure 2a). This extends the ARM, with many males eventually becoming fertile. Pupal hardening does not significantly reduce ARM at the stress temperature of 38°C (Cox proportional hazard test interaction term: HR= 0.1034, χ2(1) =0.338, p=0.561; Figure 2a).