Note: Based on the existing test
results, Mitchell et al. (2005) suggested that the friction coefficient
of quartz sand is 0.5. The common anti-rotation coefficient of the
particle is taken as 0.1, based on the literature (Liu et al., 2020).
Table 3. Calculation parameters during the coupling process (Note: the
porosity, particle applied force, and drag force are updated every 20
cycles in each coupling interval.)