Etiology
Genetic factors Eggen S et al.,4 Reichart PA et al.,9 Antoniades DZ et al.,10 Regezi JA et al.,11 Suzuki M et al.,12 Gorsky M et al.13
Environmental factors King DR et al.,14 Haugen LK et al.15
Inter-play of multifactorial genetic and environmental factors, quasi-continuous genetic or threshold theory
Antoniades DZ et al.,10 Gorsky M et al.,13 Neville BW et al.,16 Gorsky M et al.,17 Seah YH et al.,18
Nutrients: saltwater fish consumption Eggen S et al.19
Masticatory hyperfunction Reichart PA et al.,9 King DR et al.,14 Haugen LK et al.,15 Eggen S et al.,20 Kerdpon D et al.,21 Matthews GP22, Johnson OM.23
Continued growth Topazian DS et al.24
Theories and possible mechanism
Bone flexion Horning GM et al.6
Internal functional stresses Sennerby L et al.25
Periosteal bone or mechanical factor of ministrain Marx RE, Garg AK.26
Periosteal trauma Chambrone LA et al.,27 Echeverria et al.,28 Otero-Cagide et al.29
Chronic irritation, Subpontine Osseous Hyperplasia (SOH)
Burkes et al.,30 Brooks JK et al.,31 Wasson DJ et al.32
Periosteal activation Nikitakis., et al.33
Vascular disruption as a consequence of the surgical trauma
Svindland et al.34