Figure 3. Population structure and co-ancestry of the six study species. The grey-scale bar plots (left) give admixture proportions according to the K-value best describing clustering in the data. In co-ancestry heatmaps (right), darker tones represent higher pairwise relatedness and stronger differentiation from other individuals. Note that D and E were sampled across much larger distances than the other species. (A) Localities of bee-pollinatedAdelobotrys adscendens form two clusters with low admixture proportions (best K=2), localities 1, 2 and 3 in Northern and Central Costa Rica and localities 4, 5 and 6 in Southern Costa Rica; locality 1 being significantly less disparate than the others (Table S17, S18); heatmaps indicate relatively high relatedness within clusters, and considerable relatedness among individuals between clusters. (B) Bee-pollinated Meriania maxima with three clusters and very little admixture among clusters: one cluster comprising three intermixed, undifferentiated localities (1, 2 and 5 from North-Central Ecuador, Table S15, S16), and distinct localities 3 and 4 (only 20 km apart) differing significantly from each other and all other localities, with high shared co-ancestry within these localities. (C) We detected three ancestral clusters in hummingbird-bat-pollinated M. phlomoides , with overall weak clustering, high admixture and high shared co-ancestry across localities; localities 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 were intermixed and only locality 5 differed significantly from 1, 2, 4 and 6; locality 3 was significantly more variable than the others (Table S17). (D) In hummingbird-bat-rodent-pollinated M. sanguinea , the five hummingbird-rodent-pollinated localities from Southern Ecuador clustered together with low admixture and shared co-ancestry across localities. They were significantly different from locality 4 (Northern Ecuador, hummingbird-bat-pollinated, Table S15) and also showed floral adaptations to their different nocturnal (rodent/bat) pollinators (Table S1, Dellinger et al. 2019b). (E) We detected two ancestral clusters with low admixture in hummingbird-bat-pollinated M. tomentosa , localities 1 and 4 (Norther Ecuador) differed significantly from localities 2, 3 and 5 (Southern Ecuador, Table S15, S16), with low shared co-ancestry between those clusters. (F) All localities were intermixed without clear clustering (best K=2) in passerine-pollinatedAxinaea costaricensis , with considerable admixture and shared co-ancestry among all localities.