Figure 3. Population structure and co-ancestry of the
six study species. The grey-scale bar plots (left) give admixture
proportions according to the K-value best describing clustering in the
data. In co-ancestry heatmaps (right), darker tones represent higher
pairwise relatedness and stronger differentiation from other
individuals. Note that D and E were sampled across much larger distances
than the other species. (A)
Localities of bee-pollinatedAdelobotrys adscendens form two clusters with low admixture
proportions (best K=2), localities 1, 2 and 3 in Northern and Central
Costa Rica and localities 4, 5 and 6 in Southern Costa Rica; locality 1
being significantly less disparate than the others (Table S17, S18);
heatmaps indicate relatively high relatedness within clusters, and
considerable relatedness among individuals between clusters. (B)
Bee-pollinated Meriania maxima with three clusters and very
little admixture among clusters: one cluster comprising three
intermixed, undifferentiated localities (1, 2 and 5 from North-Central
Ecuador, Table S15, S16), and distinct localities 3 and 4 (only 20 km
apart) differing significantly from each other and all other localities,
with high shared co-ancestry within these localities. (C) We detected
three ancestral clusters in hummingbird-bat-pollinated M.
phlomoides , with overall weak clustering, high admixture and high
shared co-ancestry across localities; localities 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 were
intermixed and only locality 5 differed significantly from 1, 2, 4 and
6; locality 3 was significantly more variable than the others (Table
S17). (D) In hummingbird-bat-rodent-pollinated M. sanguinea , the
five hummingbird-rodent-pollinated localities from Southern Ecuador
clustered together with low admixture and shared co-ancestry across
localities. They were significantly different from locality 4 (Northern
Ecuador, hummingbird-bat-pollinated, Table S15) and also showed floral
adaptations to their different nocturnal (rodent/bat) pollinators (Table
S1, Dellinger et al. 2019b). (E) We detected two ancestral clusters with
low admixture in hummingbird-bat-pollinated M. tomentosa ,
localities 1 and 4 (Norther Ecuador) differed significantly from
localities 2, 3 and 5 (Southern Ecuador, Table S15, S16), with low
shared co-ancestry between those clusters. (F) All localities were
intermixed without clear clustering (best K=2) in passerine-pollinatedAxinaea costaricensis , with considerable admixture and shared
co-ancestry among all localities.