Figure 4. Relation between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance (IBD), topographic barriers (IBRTerrain), climatic instability (IBI), habitat suitability (IBRHabitat) and climatic distance (IBE) in the six study species. We detected significant IBD/IBR/IBI in all species but A. costaricensis , and no IBE in any species. Our results suggest that large geographic distances among localities of species pollinated by less mobile bee pollinators (blue) result in larger genetic differentiation than in species pollinated by mixed assemblages of (volant) vertebrates (red, yellow). Correlations of genetic distance and current habitat suitability and climatic variables were (mostly) not significant. Relations are depicted for each species separately; each dot represents a pairwise population comparison.
Table 1. Results of Mantel’s tests on the impact of IBD, IBRTerrain, IBRHabitat, IBI and IBE on normalized population genetic differentiation (FST).Significant isolation by distance and/or resistance in all species butA. costaricensis , no IBE, the highest significant R² for each species is highlighted in bolt, significant values in italics.