References
- Williamson C, Geenes V.
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124:
120–33.
- Kenyon AP, Piercy CN, Girling J,
et al. Obstetric cholestasis, outcome with active management: a series
of 70 cases. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;109: 282-288.
- Dixon P. H, Williamson C, The
pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Clinics and
Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology (2016) 40, 141-153.
- Smith
D.D, Rood K.M, Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy Clinical
Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020, Volume 63, Number 1, 134–151.
- Geenes
V, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World J
Gastroenterol. 2009;15: 2049–2066.
- Aydın GA, Özgen G, Görükmez O. The role of genetic mutations in
intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2020
Sep;59(5):706-710
- Brouwers L, Koster MP,
Page-Christiaens GC, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy:
maternal and fetal outcomes associated with elevated bile acid levels.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212: 100. e1-7.
- Ovadia C, Seed PT, Sklavounos A,
et al. Association of adverse perinatal outcomes of intrahepatic
cholestasis of pregnancy with biochemical markers: results of
aggregate and individual patient data meta-analyses. Lancet. 2019;
393: 899–909.
- Manzotti C, Casazza G, Stimac T
et al. Total serum bile acids or serum bile acid profile, or both, for
the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD012546.
- Bicocca
MJ, Sperling JD, Chauhan SP. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy:
Review of six national and regional guidelines. Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol. 2018 Dec; 231:180-187.
- Adams A, Jacobs K, Vogel R, et
al. Bile acid determination after standardized glucose load in
pregnant women. Am J Perinatol Reports. 2015; 05: e168–e171.
- Chappell LC, Bell JL, Smith A,
et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid versus placebo in the treatment of women
with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (PITCHES): a randomised
controlled trial. Lancet. Sept 2019; 394(10201):849–860.
- Fulton IC, Douglas JG, Hutchon
DJR, et al. Is normal pregnancy cholestatic? Clin Chim Acta. 1983;
130:171–176.
- Lunzer
M, Barnes P, Byth K, O’Halloran M. Serum Bile Acid Concentrations
During Pregnancy and Their Relationship to Obstetric Cholestasis,
Gastroenterology 1986;91:825-9.
- Carter J. Serum bile acids in
normal pregnancy. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991; 98:540–543.
- Lee RH, Goodwin TM, Greenspoon
J, et al. The prevalence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in a
primarily Latina Los Angeles population. J Perinatol. 2006;
26:527–532.
- Egan N, Bartels A, Khashan AS,
et al. Reference standard for serum bile acids in pregnancy. BJOG.
2012 Mar;119(4):493-8
- Walker IAL, Nelson-Piercy C,
Williamson C. Role of bile acid measurement in pregnancy. Annals of
Clinical Biochemistry 2002;39(2):105-13.
- Reyes H, Báez ME, González MC,
et al. Selenium, zinc and copper plasma levels in intrahepatic
cholestasis of pregnancy, in normal pregnancies and in healthy
individuals, in Chile. J Hepatol. 2000 Apr;32(4):542-9.
- Wikström Shemer E, Marschall HU.
Decreased 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D levels in women with intrahepatic
cholestasis of pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010
Nov;89(11):1420-3.
- Luo L, Aubrecht J, Li D, et al.
Assessment of serum bile acid profiles as biomarkers of liver injury
and liver disease in humans. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 7;13(3).
- Williamson C, Miragoli M, Sheikh
Abdul Kadir S, et al. Bile acid signaling in fetal tissues:
implications for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Dig Dis.
2011;29(1):58-61.
- Sepúlveda WH, González C, Cruz
MA, Rudolph MI. Vasoconstrictive effect of bile acids on isolated
human placental chorionic veins. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
1991 Dec 13;42(3):211-5.
- Miragoli M, Kadir SH, Sheppard
MN, et al, A protective antiarrhythmic role of ursodeoxycholic acid in
an in vitro rat model of the cholestatic fetal heart. Hepatology. 2011
Oct;54(4):1282-92.
- Royal College of Obstetricians
and Gynaecologists. Obstetric cholestasis. Green-top Guideline No. 43.
2011. Available at:
http://www.rcog.org.uk/files/rcog-corp/GTG43obstetriccholestasis.pdf.
Retrieved October 10, 2013.
- Mitchell AL, Ovadia C, Syngelaki
A, et al. Re-evaluating diagnostic thresholds for intrahepatic
cholestasis of pregnancy: case-control and cohort study. BJOG. 2021
Feb 15.
- Walker KF, Chappell LC, Hague
WM, Middleton P, Thornton JG. Pharmacological interventions for
treating intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Cochrane
database Syst Rev . 2020;7.
- Zhu B, Yin P, Ma Z, et al.
Characteristics of bile acids metabolism profile in the second and
third trimesters of normal pregnancy. Metabolism. 2019 Jun; 95: 77-83.
- Smith DD, Kiefer MK, Lee AJ, et
al. Effect of Fasting on Total Bile Acid Levels in Pregnancy. Obstet
Gynecol. 2020 Dec;136(6):1204-1210.
- Fleminger J, Seed PT, Smith A,
et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy:
a secondary analysis of the PITCHES trial. BJOG. 2021
May;128(6):1066-1075.
- Clinical and Laboratory
Standards Institute (CLSI). Defining, Establishing, and Verifying
Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory; Approved
Guideline—Third Edition, Vol. 28, 3rd edn. Wayne, PA: Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute; 2010
[https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/CLSI/CLSIEP28A3C?source=pre
view] Accessed 15 July 2020.
- Mood AM, Graybill FA.
Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, 2nd edn. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill; 1963.
- Koivurova S, Hartikainen AL,
Karinen L, et al. The course of pregnancy and delivery and the use of
maternal healthcare services after standard IVF in Northern Finland
1990-1995. Hum Reprod 2002; 17:2897–903.
- Kenyon AP, Piercy CN, Girling J,
Williamson C, Tribe RM, Shennan AH. Pruritus may precede abnormal
liver function tests in pregnant women with obstetric cholestasis: a
longitudinal analysis. BJOG 2001; 108: 1190–2.
- Ozarda Y. Reference intervals:
current status, recent developments and future considerations. Biochem
Med (Zagreb). 2016;26(1):5-16. doi: 10.11613/BM.2016.001.
- Jahnel J, Zöhrer E, Scharnagl H,
Erwa W, Fauler G, Stojakovic T. Reference ranges of serum bile acids
in children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015
Oct;53(11):1807-13.
- Tagliacozzi D, Mozzi AF, Casetta
B, et al. Quantitative analysis of bile acids in human plasma by
liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: a simple
and rapid one-step method. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003 Dec;41(12):1633-41.