Divergence time estimation
The divergence time tree is divided into two branches: Aemodogryllinae and Rhaphidophorinae from Asia, Dolichopodainae and Troglophilinae from Europe. We analyze the Asian taxa separately (Fig. 5). The BEAST analysis indicated that the subfamily Aemodogryllinae and Rhaphidophorinae have been diverged since Cretaceous. The speciation events in genus Diestramima occurred from late Miocene to the early Pliocene, and most species was completed in or before early Quaternary. Following the speciation of four Yunnan and Guangxi lineages (D . conica , D . major , D .subtilis and D . yunnanensis ) diverged at 8.32 Ma (95% HDP: 4.84–12.88 Ma), two clades split at 3.66 to 8.96 Ma. Both clades include species from Yunnan and Guangxi (border lineages) as well as those from inland China (inland lineages), and they further diverged at 5.84 Ma (95% HDP: 3.66–8.96 Ma) and 5.85 Ma (95% HDP: 3.67–9.10 Ma) respectively. In one clade, D . sp. 2, a new species we discovered on the China-Vietnam border, was diverged at 4.02 Ma (95% HDP: 2.42–6.31 Ma). At this point the border and inland lineages began to diverge. The widely distributed species D . intermediawas diverged at 1.02 Ma (95% HDP: 0.44–1.86 Ma). In the other clade, border and inland lineages was diverged with D . sp. 1 andD . lamina at 3.52 Ma (95% HDP: 2.18–5.29 Ma). Two widely distributed species, D . austrosinensis and D .beybienkoi , was diverged at 2.04 Ma (95% HDP: 1.08–3.24 Ma) and 2.54 Ma (95% HDP: 1.49–3.84 Ma) respectively.