Figure legends
Figure 1. Map of collection sites in Adams County,
Pennsylvania, USA. Each yellow marker is the location of a single Blue
Vane trap which was left out to capture bees from April to October for 6
years. The four shapes show the collection sites that were closer than
900 m and were lumped together for data analysis. The town of
Biglerville is seen at the bottom right.
Figure 2. A) Species accumulation curve shows how the average
number of species detected increases with the total number of bees
collected. The flattening of the curve suggests that most, but not all,
of bee biodiversity is represented in our collections. B) Rank abundance
curve shows the number of individuals collected for each species ranked
from highest to lowest, note the log y-axis. In our dataset of over
26,000 bees, only 10 species had over 1000 individuals while over half
of the species had 5 or fewer individuals.
Figure 3. Patterns of bee biodiversity across months, and
changes across years. All model relationships were highly significant
(P<0.002). Abundance (A, E) is the average number of bees
collected per site. Richness (B, F) is the number of bee species per
site. Diversity (C, G) is the inverse Simpson’s diversity index.
Phylogenetic structure (D, H) is standardized effect size of mean
pairwise distance (higher values are more even, and lower values are
more clustered). Line fits and adjusted R2 values are
from general additive models and the shading represents 95% confidence
intervals of the models.
Figure 4. Effects of months (A) and years (B) on bee community
composition. Both months and years have significant effects on bee
composition but differences among months are larger than among years.
Data are visualized using non-metric multidimensional scaling on a
Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix which includes species abundances. The
R2 values are the variance explained from perMANOVA
models.
Figure 5. Species-level phenological patterns and changes in
abundance over time for 40 species with at least 30 individuals
collected. The colored heatmap shows the percentage of individuals
captured for each species, therefore a value of 100% would mean all
individuals of that species were captured in that one month. The black
and gray points represent the positive or negative change in abundance
over time. The size of the points are from coefficients from linear
models (i.e. slope of the relationship between year and abundance using
standardized data). The phylogeny has our focal species amended (see
methods) to a genus-level tree by Hedtke et al (2013).
Figure 6. The distributions of both seasonality and
phenological breadth among bee genera and families. Seasonality is the
median Julian date in which each genus and species was captured across 6
years of continuous sampling. Phenological breadth is a measure of the
length of time in which bees are active. Error bars show the highest and
lowest values for species in each genus. Red dotted lines illustrate the
conceptual idea of “phenological syndromes”. The bottom left quadrant
are early emerging species with narrow phenological breadth. Species in
the bottom right quadrant emerge in summer but still have narrow
breadth. Species in the top right have wide phenological breadth and are
most abundant in summer.