3.5 Drivers for antimicrobial misuse and resistance emergence
Logistic regression models have shown from multivariable analysis a significant correlation relating to influence of the socio-economic drivers on antimicrobial misuse and resistance emergence in beef farms (Table 4). The models indicated that inappropriate AMU was significantly more likely (OR=2.72; 95% CI:1.93-3.83) to drive misuse of antimicrobials and emergence of AMR in beef production systems, Also, non-enforcement of laws regulating AMU was more likely (OR=2.98; 95% CI:2.11-4.21) to drive misuse of antimicrobials and resistance in the farms. Weak economic status of the farmers as well as their low education and expertise were more likely [(OR=2.12; CI:1.49-3.01), and (OR=1.52; 95% CI:1.09-2.12), respectively] to influence misuse of antimicrobials and resistance in beef farms. Furthermore, intensive management system, and poor sanitation and biosecurity at farm sites were more likely [(OR=10.24; 95% CI:6.75-15.54), and (OR=1.67; 95% CI:1.18-2.37), respectively] respectively] to drive antimicrobial misuse and resistance emergence in beef farms (Table 4).