Ancestral character state reconstruction
Ancestral states were reconstructed for the following eight
morphological characters that have been used previously to infer
evolutionary trends within the group and to define tribes:
a,
ocelli (absent or present); b, forewing appendix
(absent
or present); c, forewing closed anteapical cells (absent or present); d,
hind wing anal vein (branched or unbranched); e, hind wing with distal
extension of CuA vein beyond submarginal vein (beyond submarginal vein
or not); f, hind wing CuA vein
(bifurcated
near apex or not); g, hind wing RP and MA vein (connected by crossvein
or confluent); h, hind wing submarginal vein apparently connected
directly to CuA vein (absent or present). The eight characters were
coded for terminal (tip) taxa as shown in Table S4.
The condition of character f is uncertain for species previously placed
in Zyglinellini because the curved vein connected below the main stem of
CuA could be interpreted either as a branch of CuA or as part of the
submarginal vein, so this character was scored as uncertain (?) for the
6 included Zyglinellini species (Table S4). The description of each
character and its states followed Dietrich (2013a) and Dworakowska
(1993). Ancestral character state reconstruction (ACSR) was performed
with
a
maximum likelihood approach using a single‒rate
Mk1
model in
MESQUITE
v3.20 (Maddison & Maddison, 2017). To account for phylogenetic
uncertainty, we
traced
character history on 10,000 sampled posterior Bayesian trees and
summarized
results on the BI consensus tree. In addition, we also traced character
history and summarized results on the ML tree based on the matrix of the
PCG12_fna.