Note. The symbols “+” and “–” indicated the following morphological characters. Ocelli and forewing appendix: ‘+’, present; ‘–’, absent. Hind wing anal vein: ‘+’, bifurcated; ‘–’, not forked. Hind wing submarginal vein: ‘+’ extended beyond CuA vein; ‘–’ not extended beyond CuA vein. Hind wing CuA vein: ‘+’, bifurcated; ‘–’, not forked; Hing wing RP and MP vein: ‘+’, connected by crossvein; ‘–’, confluent. The symbol “+, –” denotes the presence of both character states.
FIGURE 1 Schematic diagram of typhlocybine mitochondrial genome. a, the usual type of mitogenome in Typhlocybinae; b, the type ofShaddai sp.
FIGURE 2 Phylogenetic relationships of Typhlocybinae reconstructed with maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) from different mitochondrial datasets. A, BI tree (CAT + GTR model), using amino acid sequence of PCGs; B, ML tree (PMSF model), using amino acid sequence of PCGs; C, ML tree (Partitioning model), using amino acid sequence of PCGs; D, ML tree (Partitioning model), using nucleotide sequence of PCGs_12; E, ML tree (Partitioning model), using nucleotide sequence of PCGs_12 concatenated 2 rRNAs.
FIGURE 3 Phylogenetic tree based on the PhyloBayes analysis of amino acid matrix with the site-heterogeneous CAT + GTR model. Node values for all analyses are plotted on or below respective clades as specified in the legend in the top-left corner, except those with consistently high support values (PP≥0.99, SH‒aLRT & UFB≥98). Branches are colored matching the color chart on the left. For more information of trees, refer to figures S1-S5. Taxa previously included in Zyginellini are indicated in bold.
FIGURE 4 Ancestral character states reconstructions analysis based on ML tree (PCGs12_fna) using maximum-likelihood method. The images at right illustrate seven morphological characters: a, ocelli (white ball, present; black ball, absent); b, forewing appendix (white ball, present; black ball, absent); c, forewing closed anteapical cells (white ball, present; black ball, absent); d, hind wing anal vein (white ball, bifurcated; black ball, not forked); e, hind wing with distal extension of CuA vein beyond submarginal vein (white ball, absent; black ball, present); f, hind wing CuA vein (white ball, bifurcated; black ball, not forked); g, hind wing RP and MP vein (white ball, connected by crossvein; black ball, confluent); h, hind wing submarginal vein apparently connected directly to CuA vein (white ball, absent; black ball, present). The gray balls indicate feature unknown. Taxa previously included in Zyginellini are indicated in bold.
FIGURE 5 Chronogram showing divergence time estimates for major lineages of Typhlocybinae. Numbered nodes marked in red refer to fossil calibrations, a, root age, <174.1 MYA; b, 17.5–110 MYA; c, 44 MYA; d, 17.5–90 MYA; e, 17.5–90 MYA. Bars on nodes are the highest posterior density 95% confidence intervals (95% HPD). Scale: 1 = 100 MYA.
FIGURE 6 The ocelli and wings are mapped to the BI tree, separately. a–f, ocelli on crown; a1–h2, wings, photographed with transmitted light to highlight venation. Evacanthinae, a (followed Zhang, 2011), a1–a2, Convexana albicarinata ; Cicadellidae, b, b1–b2,Cicadella viridis ; Mileewinae, c, c1–c2,Mileewa albovittata . Typhlocybinae, Alebrini,d, d1–d2, Shaddai sp.; Empoascini, e, e3–e4Ghauriana sinensis , e1–e2,Joruma sp. and e5–e6, Heliona sp. (followed, Xu, 2019);Typhlocybini,f1–f2, Aguriahana triangularis , f3–f4, Agnesiella aldera , f5–f6, Zyginella minuta ; Dikraneurini, g1–g2,Sweta bambusana , g3–g4, Dikraneura orientalis ;Erythroneurini, h1–h2, Tautoneura formosa .
FIGURE 7 a-h,Subtilissimia fulva Yan & Yang sp. nov.a, habitus, dorsal view; b, habitus, lateral view; c, male genitalia, lateral view; d, hind wing; e, subgenital plate, ventral view; f, style and connective, ventral view; g, aedeagus, lateral view; h, aedeagus, ventral view. i-p, Subtilissimia pellicula Yan & Yangsp. nov. i, habitus, dorsal view; j, habitus, lateral view; k, male genitalia, lateral view; l, hind wing; m, subgenital plate, ventral view; n, style and connective, ventral view; o, aedeagus, lateral view; p, aedeagus, ventral view.